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Community Policing

Community Policing

Community policing is a law enforcement strategy that includes solving societal problems through collaboration between law enforcement officers and community members. The use of community policing in crime prevention has gained popularity in many societies because of the approach’s effectiveness in reducing crime rates. Statistics indicate that community policing positively impacts crime reduction in most communities in various parts of the world. For example, Marcus (2022) argues that a study conducted in New York indicated a 5.3% reduction in felony crimes after the introduction of community policing between 2013 and 2015. Another study by the Berkeley Police Department at the University of California indicated a 12% decrease in violent crimes and a 24% decrease in property crime in the university after the introduction of community policing in 2015 (Marcus, 2022). The impact of crime rate on community policing creates a need to determine the factors that enhance the effectiveness of community policing in crime prevention and control and factors that could limit the effectiveness because it is evident that community policing helps maintain order in society and increases community confidence in the police leading to a reduced crime rate.

Responsibilities of Community Members in Community Policing

Community policing requires police officers and community members to meet various responsibilities. One of the responsibilities of community members in community policing is informing police officers about the criminal activities in the community. According to Ekici et al. (2022), community policing includes service provision, maintaining order, and crime control, which require voluntary sharing of information from the public, regular meetings with community leaders, neighborhood watch programs, and citizen police training. These activities focus on the priorities of the policing programs and require the active participation of the community members in reporting crimes and collaborating with the police officers to identify the hideouts used by criminals to hide from law enforcement officers. Community members are also responsible for sharing ideas the police can use to prevent and reduce crime. Ekici et al. (2022) argue that the success of community policing is founded on decentralized decision-making and increasing accountability among citizens. Therefore, it is vital to encourage the community members to share their ideas on crime prevention and implement the ideas to maintain a good relationship that fosters collaboration.

Responsibilities of Police Officers in Community Policing

One of the responsibilities of law enforcement officers is educating the community about their role in crime prevention. Devine (2019) argues that police officers are supposed to maintain proper interaction with community members to avoid creating mistrust, which could limit positive interactions that support community policing. Therefore, law enforcement officers and agencies must educate the public on maintaining a good relationship between law enforcement agencies and community members to implement community policing effectively. The second responsibility of police officers in community policing is responding to the community members’ calls when they need police services. Community members develop more confidence in police officers when they respond to their emergency and distress calls within the shortest time and act diligently to get justice, thus encouraging them to share information that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of community policing. Police officers are also responsible for updating the community members on what is being done to prevent crime and deliver justice for crime victims. According to Ekici et al. (2022), communication is essential in promoting a good relationship between the public and law enforcement officers. Therefore, police officers should ensure that relevant information is regularly shared with the community through the proper channels to promote transparency.

The Relationship between Community Policing and Reduced Crime Rate

The relationship between community policing and the reduced crime rate has been explored in various studies. According to Morgan (2015), community policing increases the public’s trust in the police and satisfaction with the services they offer, thus encouraging the public to share information that the police officers then use to identify crime and criminals in the community, thus preventing and reducing crimes. Increasing the public’s willingness to report crimes also increases the number of reported and investigated crimes, thus increasing the crime reduction and prevention rate. According to Przeszlowski & Crichlow (2018), community policing leads to increased cohesion among community members, reducing disorder in the community and crime. It also increases the positive encounters among police officers, thus motivating them to fight crime as a way of giving back to the community. Roycroft & Brine (2021) argues that neighborhood policing is effective in reducing crime and improving the public’s confidence in law enforcement agencies, thus reducing and preventing crime because the public is willing to collaborate in identifying and reporting crimes and criminals in the community. Community policing also enables the public to participate in making decisions about the measures that should be taken to address criminal activities, thus reducing and preventing crime.

Concerns about the Effectiveness of Community Policing in Crime Control

Although community policing is essential in reducing crime rates in society, various concerns have been raised about its effectiveness. One of the concerns is its role in increasing the vulnerability of police officers to attacks because they are limited to a small area size. According to Rodgers & Asquith (2022), community policing police officers deployed to conduct patrols within the community may be assaulted by criminals and defiant community members, leading to a high risk of harm. Another concern is that community policing threatens the security of community members who collaborate with police officers in crime prevention. Most communities do not have proper measures to protect individuals who cooperate with law enforcement officers, thus exposing them to harm and putting their lives and their families in danger. Another concern is that the public may provide false or misleading information. According to Palmiotto (2011), police experience challenges implementing community policing programs when the public does not cooperate to find information about gangs, drugs, and prostitution. In some instances, an individual may be paid or threatened to provide false or misleading information, making it hard for law enforcement officers to identify and catch the criminals in the community.

Counterargument

The concerns about the effectiveness of community policing in reducing and preventing crime can be addressed by fostering a good relationship between the parties involved in the community policing programs. A good relationship between the police and the public can be guaranteed by establishing and maintaining mutual trust and providing protective measures for police officers and community members engaging in the community policing program. It is also important to consider building police officers’ capacity to support crime prevention, create a decision-making framework, increase community engagement and information sharing, and implement performance measurement and evaluation processes. According to Morgan (2015), the capacity of police officers to support crime prevention can be increased by focusing on increasing their understanding of the crime problems in the local community, the trends in criminal activities within the community, the nature of local crimes, the factors contributing to the crimes and the strategies that have been implemented in fighting the crimes. Police officers also need professional development opportunities to increase their competencies in community policing and law enforcement practices.

Decision-Making Framework

Creating a decision-making framework is essential in ensuring that the right decisions are made in implementing community policing programs to avoid negligence which could threaten the lives of law enforcement officers and community members and create loopholes for false and misleading information. Morgan (2015) argues that one of the things that should be considered when developing the decision-making framework is the person responsible or with authority to make decisions. It is important to include community leaders as part of those with authority to make decisions to promote a good relationship between them and law enforcement officers for effective community policing. The second consideration is the basis on which decisions contribute to the community policing initiatives to prevent conflict among the parties involved in the community policing programs. The third consideration is determining how community policing programs benefit law enforcement officers by encouraging them to participate. The fourth consideration is the priorities for the local law enforcement officers to prevent contradictions that could impact their willingness to engage in community policing programs. The fifth one is the possible resource implications for the police and the available resources to help the police fully commit to the program. The sixth one is existing evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed program. These considerations should be observed throughout the decision-making process to implement community policing programs successfully.

Performance Measurement and Evaluation

Performance measurement and evaluation are essential in determining whether the community policing program is effective and identifying factors limiting its effectiveness. Ensuring that the program’s performance levels meet the expectations of community members and law enforcement officers is essential. Therefore, it is vital to establish the mechanisms that will be used to measure the effectiveness of the collaboration between the community and law enforcement officers in crime prevention through community policing and make necessary improvements based on the performance measurement results. It is also important to negotiate with the local community leaders and the law enforcement leaders to ensure that the needs of both parties are met and reflected in the community policing programs’ objectives and the evaluation of the programs. Performance measurement is also vital in gaining support from the community based on the effectiveness of community policing programs in crime prevention and reduction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, community policing is the most effective way to prevent and reduce crime in the community because it relies on community members who understand the areas with high crime rates, the types of crimes in the community, and the people involved. However, various concerns need to be addressed to increase its effectiveness. The main concerns include the threat it poses to law enforcement officers and community members’ safety and the likelihood of receiving false and misleading information from community members. The most effective way to address these concerns is by creating a good relationship between community members and law enforcement officers. It is also vital to build police officers’ capacity to support crime prevention, develop a decision-making framework, increase community engagement and information sharing, and implement performance measurement and evaluation processes. Community policing policymakers should also ensure that all parties’ needs are met to encourage collaboration.

References

Devine, J. (2019). Community policing: implementing community policing in our communities [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Alaska.

Ekici, N., Akdogan, H., Kelly, R., & Gultekin, S. (2022). A meta-analysis of the impact of community policing on crime reduction. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 7(3), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.244

Marcus. (2022, November 17). Community policing: Lower the crime rate in your jurisdiction. Everbridge. https://www.everbridge.com/blog/community-policing-lower-the-crime-rate-in-your-jurisdiction/

Morgan, A. (2015). Police and crime prevention: Partnering with the community (111). AIC Reports Research and Public Policy Series. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281117199_Police_and_crime_prevention_Partnering_with_the_community

Palmiotto, M. J. (2011). Community policing: A police-citizen partnership. Routledge.

Przeszlowski, K. S., & Crichlow, V. J. (2018). An exploratory assessment of community-oriented policing implementation, social disorganization and crime in America. Social Sciences, 7(3), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030035

Rodgers, J., & Asquith, N. (2022). Safety and security in remote, rural, and Regional Policing. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 7(1), 96–123. https://doi.org/10.18061/ijrc.v7i1.9103

Roycroft, M., & Brine, L. (2021). Community Policing. In Modern police leadership: Operational effectiveness at every level. Essay, Palgrave Macmillan.

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Question 


WKPLACE 11

3.0
Touchstone 3: Draft a Persuasive Proposal
ASSIGNMENT: Using your outline and annotated bibliography from Touchstones 1.2 and Touchstone 2.2, draft a 6-8 page argumentative research essay on your chosen persuasive topic.

Community Policing

Community Policing

As this assignment builds on Touchstone 2.2: Create an Annotated Bibliography, that Touchstone must be graded before you can submit your persuasive proposal draft.

Sample Touchstone 3

In order to foster learning and growth, all essays you submit must be newly written specifically for this course. Any recycled work will be sent back with a 0, and you will be given one attempt to redo the Touchstone.
A. Assignment Guidelines
DIRECTIONS: Your persuasive proposal should include your persuasive thesis statement, involve argument development, and incorporate research. Remember that this topic addresses a problem or issue in your community or workplace. Refer to your feedback from the previous touchstones to aid you in composing this assignment.

Keep in mind: Refer to the list below throughout the writing process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.

Persuasive Thesis Statement
❒ Have you included a thesis in your introduction that takes a clear, specific position on one side of a debatable issue?
Argument Development
❒ Are all of the details relevant to the purpose of your essay?
❒ Is the persuasive argument supported using rhetorical appeals and source material?
❒ Does the organization contain an adequate number of body paragraphs with topic sentences, a body paragraph addressing counterargument(s), and a conclusion with a concluding statement?
❒ Is your essay 6-8 pages (approximately 1500-2000 words)? If not, which details do you need to add or remove?
Research
❒ Have you cited outside sources effectively using quotation, summary, or paraphrase techniques using APA formatting?
❒ Are the sources incorporated smoothly, providing the reader with signal phrases and context for the source information?
❒ Have you referenced a range of at least 7 credible sources?
❒ Have you properly cited your sources according to APA style guidelines?
❒ Have you included an APA-style reference page below your essay?
B. Reflection Questions Guidelines
DIRECTIONS: Below your assignment, include answers to all of the following reflection questions.

Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source material to support your argument. How does this enhance your essay? (2-3 sentences)
Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that you’re uncertain of? (3-4 sentences)
Keep in mind: Refer to the list below throughout the reflection process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.

❒ Have you answered all reflection questions thoughtfully and included insights, observations, and/or examples in all responses?
❒ Are your answers included on a separate page below the main assignment?
C. Rubric
Advanced (100%) Proficient (85%) Acceptable (75%) Needs Improvement (50%) Non-Performance (0%)
Argument Development and Support (40 points)
Provide a clear argument with sufficient support.
The argument is thoroughly developed with highly relevant details to support it, including the use of rhetorical appeals and source material. The argument is well-developed, with relevant details to support it, including the use of rhetorical appeals and source material. The argument is not fully developed; while it is supported by some relevant details, including rhetorical appeals and source material, some aspects of the argument are neglected. The argument is poorly developed, with irrelevant details that frequently distract from the argument; there is little evidence of the use of rhetorical appeals and/or source material. The argument is not developed, and/or the composition is not argumentative; details are irrelevant and distract from the argument.
Research (30 points)
Incorporate sources through effective quotations, paraphrases, and summaries.
Cites all outside sources appropriately in APA format; incorporates credible sources smoothly and effectively through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Primarily cites outside sources appropriately in APA format; incorporates credible sources effectively through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Generally cites outside sources appropriately in APA format; incorporates credible sources adequately through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Cites outside sources, but most are cited improperly and not in APA format; incorporates sources through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary, but the integration is not smooth and/or the credibility of the sources is unclear. Does not cite sources, or citation is consistently inappropriate; does not reference sources and/or sources are not credible or appropriate.
Organization (15 points)
Exhibit competent organizational writing techniques.
Includes all of the required components of an argumentative research paper, including an introduction with relevant and engaging background information and an argumentative thesis, an adequate number of body paragraphs with topic sentences, a body paragraph addressing counterargument(s), and a conclusion with a concluding statement. Includes all of the required components of an argumentative research paper, including an introduction with background information, an argumentative thesis, an adequate number of body paragraphs with topic sentences, a body paragraph addressing counterargument(s), and a conclusion with a concluding statement. Includes nearly all of the required components of an argumentative research paper; however, one component is missing. Includes most of the required components of an argumentative research paper but is lacking two components: sequences of ideas and paragraphs such that the connections between ideas (within and between paragraphs) are sometimes unclear, and the reader may have difficulty following the progression of the argument. It lacks several or all of the components of an argumentative research paper; it sequences ideas and paragraphs such that the connections between ideas (within and between paragraphs) are often unclear, and the reader has difficulty following the progression of the argument.
Style (5 points)
Establish a consistent, informative tone and make thoughtful stylistic choices.
Demonstrates thoughtful and effective word choices, avoids redundancy and imprecise language, and uses a wide variety of sentence structures. Demonstrates effective word choices, primarily avoids redundancy and imprecise language, and uses a variety of sentence structures. Demonstrates generally effective style choices but may include occasional redundancies, imprecise language, poor word choice, and/or repetitive sentence structures. Frequently includes poor word choices, redundancies, imprecise language, and/or repetitive sentence structures. Consistently demonstrates poor word choices, redundancies, imprecise language, and/or repetitive sentence structures.
Conventions (5 points)
Follow conventions for standard written English.
There are only a few, if any, negligible errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage. There are occasional minor errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage. There are some significant errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage. There are frequent significant errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage. There are consistent significant errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage.
Reflection (5 points)
Answer reflection questions thoroughly and thoughtfully.
Demonstrates thoughtful reflection; consistently includes insights, observations, and/or examples in all responses, following or exceeding response length guidelines. Demonstrates thoughtful reflection; includes multiple insights, observations, and/or examples, following response length guidelines. Primarily demonstrates thoughtful reflection, but some responses are lacking in detail or insight; primarily follows response length guidelines. Shows limited reflection; the majority of responses are lacking in detail or insight, with some questions left unanswered or falling short of response length guidelines. No reflection responses are present.
D. Requirements
The following requirements must be met for your submission to be graded:

Composition must be 6-8 pages (approximately 1500-2000 words).
Double-space the composition and use one-inch margins.
Use a readable 12-point font.
All writing must be appropriate for an academic context.
Composition must be original and written for this assignment.
Plagiarism of any kind is strictly prohibited.
Submission must include your name, the name of the course, the date, and the title of your composition.
Include all of the assignment components in a single file.
Acceptable file formats include .doc and .docx.
Your annotated bibliography must be graded before your research essay draft will be accepted.

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