GLOBAL HEALTHCARE COMPARISON MATRIX AND NARRATIVE STATEMENT

Global Healthcare Issue	Non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Description	Non-communicable diseases remain a global health agenda. These diseases have been implicated in significant morbidity and mortality. The growing prevalence of these illnesses across the globe has continuously informed the resolve to prioritize their management across global healthcare systems. WHO’s agenda is to prevent and treat these illnesses to lessen their health impacts across vulnerable societies. These approaches may lower the burden of these illnesses worldwide and their health impacts on societies.
Country	United States	Pakistan
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue.	Policies to lessen the burden of non-communicable diseases in the US have mainly been centered on improving access to care and enforcing preventive measures against these illnesses. The Affordable Care Act saw the expansion of insurance coverage to vulnerable Americans. It was one of the landmark enactments that considerably improved access to care. Through the Medicare payment policies, many Americans in geographically isolated areas have access to health care. Smoke-free policies enacted in some states, policies on physical activity, and dietary guidelines programs have also been valuable in lowering the likelihood of Americans developing non-communicable diseases.	Pakistan has been steadfast in its resolve to control NCDs. The national action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs is a progressive accord passed by Pakinstan’s health regulators to lessen the health impact of NCDs. This population-based policy framework prioritizes the prevention of cardiovascular disorders and focuses on behavioral change communication and other policy changes to reduce the likelihood of Pakistanis developing cardiovascular disorders. Through this accord, the surveillance of cardiovascular risk factors has been heightened. Additionally, policies on increasing physical activity, expanding dietary recommendations to include undernutrition, and strategies to limit access to unhealthy foods are embedded in the policy statements. This program also emphasizes the need to expand the healthcare system’s capacity to support cardiovascular illness prevention and treatment.
What are the strengths of this policy?	The policy recognized the impact of preventive measures against non-communicable diseases and enhanced access to care to lower the health impacts of these diseases. Smoking cessation, dietary modification to include healthy foods and exclude high calorific-low nutritional-value foods, and physical activity considerably lower the propensity to develop non-communicable disorders. Their inclusion in policy frameworks addressing these disorders is thus merited.	The Pakistani’s approach to addressing non-communicable disorders is broad. It encompasses behavioral and policy approaches to reducing the impacts of these illnesses. Modifiable risk factors for these illnesses are comprehensively addressed in the program. Additionally, the program is population-based and elaborates on the role of Pakistanis in health promotion and preservation.
What are the weaknesses of this policy?	While there is a consensus on the impact smoke-free laws have on lowering the burden of non-communicable disorders, fragmentation still exists in their implementation. Some states are yet to enact these laws. This also applies to Medicare and Medicaid policies. The fragmented approach to enacting these laws, coupled with the lack of federal initiatives on these fronts, makes the realization of the WHO agenda on controlling non-communicable diseases difficult (Hafez et al., 2019).	The policy places due consideration on cardiovascular illnesses. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for capacity building and enactment of policies and laws that lower their prevalence and reduce their impact on population health. It does not, however, consider other NCDs that are equally problematic to population health, such as diabetes and cancers. Diabetes and cancers are ranked second and third in terms of global morbidities and mortalities. Addressing them should thus be prioritized.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)	Access to quality healthcare is one of the social determinants of health that considerably impact the resolve to address non-communicable diseases. Poor access to healthcare accustomed to lack of insurance coverage, lower literacy levels, especially among ethnic minority groups, and low income continue to impede efforts to enhance care for NCDs. Lack of access to healthy food options also impedes efforts to prevent these disorders. Up to 13.5 million households lack access to healthy food options.	In Pakistan, unequal distribution of income, gender discrimination, and poor governance and political structures continue to impede the resolve to create NCD-free societies. Inequal distribution of income affects the ability of Pakistanis to access healthy food options. Poor governance also affects the ability of the healthcare system to reduce inequalities and build capacity to address the growing prevalence of NCDs (Ahmed et al., 2022).
How has each country’s government addressed the cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue?	In the US, federal and state governments have made several efforts to address healthcare costs and increase the quality and access to care. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act, along with the value-based systems under the Medicaid programs, considerably enhanced access and quality of care. Reforms on adopting value-based care models, lowering the cost of prescription drugs, and increasing transparency on drug costing have also addressed the cost of care.	Committed to making its population healthier, the Pakistani government has continuously made efforts to address the cost of healthcare and improve the quality and access to care within the country. The country is committed to pursuing universal health coverage to enhance access to care among low-income and vulnerable Pakistanis (Shaikh & Ali, 2023). The Pakistani government has also launched a social health protection initiative to improve the quality of care within the country.
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)	The policy has conferred considerable benefits to American societies. By expanding access to healthcare, many Americans can now access healthcare services. Additionally, the enactment of value-based care models and policies has greatly increased the quality of care received by Americans.	The efforts made by the Pakistani government to cushion its population from the impacts of NCDs have had little progress. The lack of high-quality research and institutional readiness to respond to these challenges are blamed for this slowed progress. Pakistan is still affected by a huge burden of NCDs (Almas et al., 2022. This disorder accounts for over 50% of mortalities in the country.
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurses in each country.	Nurses play a central role in healthcare. As health advocates and educators, nurses educate communities on the recommended preventive measures against these disorders. Their capacity and position in healthcare enable them to educate their patients and communities on aspects of healthy living and behavioral modification to prevent these illnesses.	Nurses play a central role in healthcare. As health advocates and educators, nurses educate communities on the recommended preventive measures against these disorders. Their capacity and position in healthcare enable them to educate their patients and communities on aspects of healthy living and behavioral modification to prevent these illnesses.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)	Non-communicable diseases remain a global health concern. The growing prevalence of these illnesses is likely to have ripple effects on local healthcare organizations within the US. As the number of people with these illnesses increases, the healthcare system’s capacity to handle these diseases will likely be stretched. More resources are also expected to be channeled into addressing these illnesses. Additionally, policies will have to be formulated to curb the impacts of this growth.	Non-communicable diseases remain a global health concern. The growing prevalence of these illnesses is likely to have ripple effects on local healthcare organizations within Pakistan. Local health organizations have to adjust to accommodate the growing patient population accustomed to increases in the incidence of NCDs. The government will also have to provide resource support to help manage these illnesses.
General Notes/Comments	NCDs remain a public health concern in the US. As the prevalence of these diseases increases, there is a need to ramp up efforts to address these diseases as a population health preservation and promotion effort.	Just like in the US, Pakistan is also impacted by NCDs. Addressing these disorders should be a priority.

Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remain a global health concern. The growing prevalence of these disorders across the globe reinforces the need for various governments and healthcare regulators to ramp up their efforts in addressing these illnesses. Preventive approaches are integral to the comprehensive management of these illnesses. The consensual finding on the impact of addressing modifiable risk factors for these illnesses underwrites communities and healthcare interventions to lessen the burden of these disorders.

Advocating for the Incorporation of a Global Perspective or Lens Into My Local Practice and Role as a Nurse Leader

As advocates and patient educators, nurses stand to be counted in this endeavor. As a nurse leader, I can advocate for the incorporation of global perspectives into my local practice through intensified campaigns targeting these illnesses. This can be executed through structured educational programs, peer mentoring, and through sloganeering aspects of these changes. Notably, this will not only inspire other nurses to be the bearers of their vision but also influence their behaviors toward the required change.

Impact on My Local Practice and Role as a Nurse Leader

Nurses are health educators. In this role, I will educate patients and communities on behavior change, as well as how behaviors such as smoking, excessive alcohol use, poor dieting, and physical inactivity contribute to NCDs. My steadfastness in this regard can effectively enhance communities’ responsibility for health preservation.

How the Incorporation of a Global Perspective or Lens Represents and Contributes to Social Change

Nurses can help deliver the required social change through their educatory and advocacy roles. Through nursing advocacy and vibrancy in educating patients on behavior change, I can reach the affected populations as well as other healthcare professionals. By educating them on the significance of behavior change, we can help create resilient communities that are knowledgeable on aspects of their health. Subsequently, this can help lower the burden of these illnesses.

References

Ahmed, K. A., Grundy, J., Hashmat, L., Ahmed, I., Farrukh, S., Bersonda, D., Shah, M. A., Yunus, S., & Banskota, H. K. (2022). An analysis of the gender and Social Determinants of health in urban poor areas of the most populated cities of Pakistan. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01657-w

Almas, A., Awan, S., Bloomfield, G., Nisar, M. I., Siddiqi, S., Ahmed, A., Ali, A., Shafqat, S. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Mark, D. B., Douglas, P., Bartlett, J., Jafar, T. H., & Samad, Z. (2022). Opportunities and challenges to non-communicable disease (NCD) research and training in Pakistan: A qualitative study from Pakistan. BMJ Open, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066460

Hafez, A. Y., Gonzalez, M., Kulik, M. C., Vijayaraghavan, M., & Glantz, S. A. (2019). Uneven access to smoke-free laws and policies and its effect on health equity in the United States: 2000–2019. American Journal of Public Health, 109(11), 1568–1575. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305289

Shaikh, B. T., & Ali, N. (2023). Universal Health Coverage in Pakistan: Is the health system geared up to take on the challenge? Globalization and Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00904-1

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Question

GLOBAL HEALTHCARE COMPARISON MATRIX AND NARRATIVE STATEMENT
Note: This Assignment (both Parts 1 & 2) is due on Day 5 of Week 11.

If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided?

GLOBAL HEALTHCARE COMPARISON MATRIX AND NARRATIVE STATEMENT

You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures.

Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve.

In this Assignment, you will examine a global health issue and consider the approach to this issue by the United States and by one other country.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment.
Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment.
Reflect on how the global health issue you selected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected.
Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources.
The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix; 1-page Plan for Social Change)

Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:

Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study.
Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples.
Using the WHO’s Organization’s global health agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue selected.
Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples.
Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the role of the nurse in each country.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader.

In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.

Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples.
BY DAY 5 OF WEEK 11
Submit both Part 1 and Part 2 of your Assignment.

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GLOBAL HEALTHCARE COMPARISON MATRIX AND NARRATIVE STATEMENT