According to ecological systems theory, different kinds of environmental systems that dynamically interact with the individual impact human development (Tong & An, 2024). Each level of these systems, ranging from close-knit relationships and situations to more distant societal-level elements, influences behavior and development.

The five environmental systems that form the basis of the theory are the macrosystem (cultural and societal values), the mesosystem (interactions between microsystems), the exosystem (external environments that have an indirect impact on the individual, like a parent’s workplace), the chronosystem (time-based changes, like life transitions or historical events), and the microsystem (family, peers).

The focus is on the person as a part and the whole of many integrated environmental systems. There is an understanding of how the self and these systems interact in a two-way, dynamic process.

Problems arise when dysfunctions or disruptions occur in one or more environmental systems. Negative interactions, neglect, or systemic obstacles at any level of the ecosystem model can offset healthy development and lead to damaging behaviors (Flynn & Mathias, 2023).

Homelessness, legal involvement, trauma, and family disruption are all considered symptoms of system failure in various layers of Ella’s ecology, particularly the microsystem (family), mesosystem (disconnect between school and family), and exosystem (community failure to provide necessary services). Her ability to manage is overwhelmed by these interrelated breakdowns, which also keep her from getting the help she needs for resilience and healthy development.

The ecological systems theory explains that the root cause of Ella’s problems is the toxic environment of her immediate family, which is also a part of her microsystem. Her mesosystem lacks support; she has weak school support and no nurturing relationships intervene and provide stability. More exosystem and macrosystem influences of her father being out of work, financial strain, and social discrimination serve to alienate Ella and also lead to her trauma and homelessness.

According to the ecological Systems Theory, the social worker’s role is to assess Ella holistically by evaluating her stressors and resources throughout her environmental systems, microsystem to macrosystem and implement interventions to facilitate systemic transformation. The social worker also acts as a broker and player by advocating for Ella and connecting her to others, supporting Ella’s systems navigation and influence.

Ecological Systems Theory suggests that transformation comes from developing or restoring supportive relationships and structures around the client, strengthening capacities across ecological levels, from personal safety and education to family therapy and community resources. Change occurs when these interconnected systems become more stable, nurturing, and responsive to the client’s needs, enabling healthy development and resilience.

1.       What sort of relationship do you want with your mother now, and what would make you feel safe having that relationship?

2.       Who in your life today do you feel encouraged by, and how do we deepen that support?

3.       How have your family, school, or community shaped your aspirations and pursuits?

1. Family therapy with her mother. This can rebuild trust and communication in the microsystem, address emotional wounds, and foster reconciliation.
2. Referral to an educational specialist for learning disabilities. This will provide academic support and enhance her confidence and opportunities within the mesosystem.
3. Participation in support groups with peers from the group home. This helps reinforce healthy social bonds and promote emotional regulation in a safe microsystem.

1.      Ella engages consistently in therapy and shows progress in expressing her emotions and trauma.

2.      Improvement in academic performance and participation in GED coursework.

3.      Development of a concrete plan for safe reunification with her mother or transition into independent living.

Strength

Ecological Systems Theory offers a comprehensive and organized tool to analyze how various systems impact Ella’s growth, behavior, and trauma recovery, making it suitable for understanding her complex social environment.

Limitation

The theory may underestimate individual psychological traits and internal coping strategies, which are essential to understanding and supporting Ella’s remarkable resilience and ability to avoid severe harm while homeless.

You are not required to answer these questions for this assignment. However, these questions could help stimulate thinking whenever you are asked to analyze a theory.