Type I and Type II Error

Type I and Type II Error

Various factors affect the academic outcome of learners. These include the learning environment and biological factors that determine brain conditions, among other factors. The focus subject of my research will aim to understand whether genetic and environmental factors affect the academic performance of adopted children. Therefore, the research question guiding the study will be;

RQ: Do genetic and environmental factors impact academic performance in adopted children? In the research, the null and alternative hypotheses would be;

• Null Hypothesis: Genetic and environmental factors do not significantly impact academic performance in adopted children.
• Alternative Hypothesis: Genetic and environmental factors significantly impact academic performance in adopted children.

Type I and II errors are common in statistical analyses, especially for hypothesis testing studies. Type I error is said to have affected the research outcome when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true, resulting in a false positive (Field, 2018). Type II error affects a research outcome when the researcher accepts a null hypothesis when it is actually false. Researchers need to understand these errors since they can lead to a wrong conclusion. As Field (2018) states, in high-stakes research studies, wrong conclusions can lead to huge losses or damages. In the context of the study above, Type I error can affect the research when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that genetic and environmental factors significantly impact academic performance in adopted children when the opposite is true. Rosnow and Rosenthal (2013) suggest that we can reduce the probability of Type I error by using a lower p-value. To reduce Type II error, we can use a large enough sample that makes it possible to detect a true difference.

References

Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. (5^th Ed.) London: SAGE Publications.

Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (2013). Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer. (7^th Ed.) Pearson Education, Inc.

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Describe the research question you are pursuing for your final project. What would a potential Type I error be when drawing a statistical conclusion? A potential Type II error? Why is it important for researchers to understand these errors?

Type I and Type II Error

My research question: What do you think of the topic of adoption and how genetic and environmental factors impact academic children in adopted children

Textbook: Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer, Chapter 12
This chapter is a discussion on the logic of hypothesis testing and related topics such as p values, decision errors, and effect sizes (Note: This chapter reading should be a review since you already read it in PSY 510).