Surrogate Pregnancy – Should it be used On–Demand or Due to Health Problems?

Surrogate Pregnancy – Should it be used On–Demand or Due to Health Problems?

Ellenbogen, A., Feldberg, D., & Lokshin, V. (2021). Surrogacy–a worldwide demand. Implementation and ethical considerations. Gynecol Reprod Endocrinol Metab, 2, 66-73.

This article addresses the growing ethical concerns surrounding the issue of surrogacy. The authors conducted an observational phenological study using 12 participants who had at least gone through surrogacy to investigate their experiences as surrogate mothers. The findings from this study indicated that despite surrogacy being an ethical concern due to harsh physical and socio-cultural backgrounds that most surrogate mothers go through, such as stigma and labeling, participants who had helped childless couples to get children through surrogacy experienced some satisfaction due to a positive view of their actions. This information is helpful to any person intending to be a surrogate mother in the future because it educates society that despite the conflicting feelings due to ethical concerns about surrogacy today, like being misunderstood, surrogate mothers play a crucial role in helping childless couples get children. Therefore, I plan to use the information to gain insights regarding the significance of educating society on the positive side of surrogacy. This article is considered scholarly because it was written by experts in the field of reproductive health, and the results of the original research were shared with other researchers and students for further analysis.

Goli, M., Farajzadegan, Z., Heidari, Z., & Kohan, S. (2019). Reproductive and sexual health of surrogate mothers, developing a care program: a protocol for mixed methods study. Reproductive Health, 16, 1-6.

Goli et al. (2019), in their article “Reproductive and Sexual Health of Surrogate Mothers,” shed light on the issue of gestational surrogacy that results from women unable to conceive due to various health complications. Infertility is one of the leading issues for the high demand for surrogacy today. Despite the increase in demand for surrogacy today, the controversial nature of surrogacy causes surrogate mothers to face various problems, such as ethical confusion, lack of access to quality medication, and mental health issues. Therefore, the article advocates the need to develop a reproductive healthcare system that caters to the condition of pregnant women during the prenatal and postpartum periods in socio-cultural contexts where surrogacy is facing negativity, such as Iran and Iraq. Therefore, I will use this article in my research paper to emphasize the need for an inclusive healthcare system that caters to the needs of pregnant women in countries such as Iran and Iraq. This source is credible because it is formally written, published in the Reproductive Health Journal, and describes new ideas today based on original research analysis and interpretation.

Khvorostianov, N. (2023). The Motives Behind Post-Soviet Women’s Decisions to Become Surrogate Mothers. Sexuality & Culture, 27(1), 38-56.

In this article, Khvorostianov (2023) analyzes possible reasons for many women contemplating becoming surrogate mothers in most societies today. The author used the context of Russia and noted that one of the leading issues behind most women becoming surrogate mothers is for commercial purposes. The author conducted research based on qualitative content analysis on 656 posts on Russian online platforms posted by Russian surrogates who have taken this as an occupation. The major aspects (motives of surrogacy) studied include financial purposes, social, moral, and hedonistic. Despite the stigma faced by surrogate mothers in Russia, the study showed that most women are ready to become surrogates as a way to get money. However, the research showed that most childless couples could easily get a surrogate mother due to the commercialization of surrogacy. Therefore, I plan to use the information from this article as a way to compare the motives of surrogacy in different contexts in the future. The author has advanced degrees and other credentials in Reproductive Health, working in a knowledge-based organization, thus proving the article’s credibility. Additionally, the article’s purpose is to provide original research to further the understanding of the topic to the audience.

Kitulwatte, I. D. G., Gangahawatte, S., Perera, U. L. M. S., & Edirisinghe, P. A. S. (2022). Medico-legal and ethical aspects of surrogacy; A case report of a tragic maternal death from Sri Lanka. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 91, 102425.

The lack of proper legislation about surrogacy has led to surrogate mothers and intended mothers being exploited. The case report by Kitulwatte et al. (2022) shed light on surrogate mothers’ plight and intended parents’ exploitation in Sri Lanka. Even though surrogacy is accepted in Sri Lanka, where couples cannot conceive a child of their own, the existing laws do not address other issues related to surrogacy, creating a gap that allows the authorities to exploit potential surrogate mothers and parents. According to the author, commercial surrogacy is considered illegal in Sri Lanka. However, in contexts where it is proven legal, most surrogate mothers cannot access maternal care, leading to maternal deaths. Therefore, I will use this article to look into how countries could put in place proper regulations to prevent the abuse of surrogate mothers and intended parents within an ethical framework. This source is credible because all the authors have credentials in the field of Legal Medicine and have used their knowledge and expertise to highlight the importance of having clear ethical guidelines concerning surrogacy in Sri Lanka.

Lahl, J., Fell, K., Bassett, K., Broghammer, F. H., & Briggs, W. M. (2022). A Comparison of American Women’s Experiences with Gestational Surrogate and Spontaneous Pregnancies. Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence, 7(3), 1.

The article by Lahl et al. (2022) compares the experiences of American women who have undergone gestational surrogates and spontaneous pregnancies. The paper investigated possible side effects and complications that result from technological reproduction. The research indicated that most women contemplating gestational surrogacy lack knowledge, hence high exploitation rates and complications. Additionally, this research addressed the lack of data on gestational surrogacy’s physical and mental health outcomes. Further, the research findings indicated that existing laws have favored potential parents, as the rights to own children born out of surrogacy are only retained by parents, even in cases where surrogate mothers have been exploited. Therefore, this article will help me look into and hence advocate for equal rights to protect the rights of surrogate mothers in the future. The report is credible because its authors have a professional career and an understanding of reproductive health. For example, Fell K. holds a Master of Science degree in Gynecology from Vanderbilt University.

Nuralievich, Y. S. (2023). Establishment History and Concept of Surrogate Motherhood. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 5(3), 64-67.

Surrogacy has become one of the leading methods increasingly used to ensure competition of families worldwide today. According to the article by Nuralievich (2023), surrogacy dates back to traditional biblical agreements between Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar in the Book of Genesis. Throughout history, women have been described as bearing children for kings and rulers in the context where their wives could not conceive. This has followed through many societies today, and in countries such as the USA, surrogacy is considered from an ethical point of view. The article advocates the need for communities to embrace surrogacy as a family-building practice by formulating laws to protect mothers from exploitation. Therefore, this document is helpful to my research paper because it is an educational initiative that increases the understanding of the nature of surrogacy. It is a credible source because it has based its reviews on the United Nations Human Rights Commission.

Puspitasari, D. E. (2022). The Legal Status of Surrogate Mothers in Indonesia. Batulis Civil Law Review, 3(1), 19-28.

Surrogacy is a common phenomenon today because it has offered a helping hand to couples who cannot get children today. However, despite being legalized in many parts of the world today, surrogacy in Indonesia is null and void because of the controversy of Article 1320 of the Criminal Code. The article by Puspitasari (2022) addresses the Legal Status of Surrogate Mothers in Indonesia. Notably, there have been cases of surrogacy in Indonesia carried out secretly by family members in cases where couples cannot get their biological children. However, due to the ban on using technologically produced children in Indonesia, most culprits found practicing are declared criminals, immoral, and illegitimate, hence being subjected to criminal justice. Additionally, children born from surrogate mothers are declared unlawful. Therefore, I will use the knowledge from this article to conduct more research on the said country to determine whether the government has changed the existing civil laws. Creative Commons published the article, and the author holds a Master’s Degree in Reproductive Health from the University of Padjadran in Indonesia; thus, this article is credible.

Riggs, D., & Due, C. (2019). A critical approach to surrogacy: reproductive desires and demands. Routledge.

The book “A Critical Approach to Surrogacy: Reproductive Desires and Demands” by Riggs and Due (2019) discusses the tensions across vulnerabilities among actors engaged in surrogacy arrangements. This book aims to shed light on the issue of capitalism in the context of surrogacy. Through imperial research conducted by the authors, one major finding indicated that the intended mothers misuse most surrogate mothers. The review revealed that most wealthy couples search for surrogate mothers from low-class, vulnerable families to take advantage of them by exploiting them. However, this might sometimes not end well, as most surrogate mothers lose the pregnancy due to psychological issues. Therefore, there is a need to consider the surrogate mother’s mental well-being for successful pregnancies. Therefore, I will utilize this book in my research paper to delve into the importance of equality in treating potential surrogate mothers. The book was published by a known publisher, Routledge, and the authors, Riggs and Due, are professionals in Social Work and Psychology and work with the Australian Research Council.

References

Ellenbogen, A., Feldberg, D., & Lokshin, V. (2021). Surrogacy–a worldwide demand. Implementation and ethical considerations. Gynecol Reprod Endocrinol Metab, 2, 66-73.

Goli, M., Farajzadegan, Z., Heidari, Z., & Kohan, S. (2019). Reproductive and Sexual Health of Surrogate Mothers, developing a care program: a protocol for mixed methods study. Reproductive Health, 16, 1-6.

Khvorostianov, N. (2023). The Motives Behind Post-Soviet Women’s Decisions to Become Surrogate Mothers. Sexuality & Culture, 27(1), 38-56.

Kitulwatte, I. D. G., Gangahawatte, S., Perera, U. L. M. S., & Edirisinghe, P. A. S. (2022). Medico-legal and ethical aspects of surrogacy; A case report of a tragic maternal death from Sri Lanka. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 91, 102425.

Lahl, J., Fell, K., Bassett, K., Broghammer, F. H., & Briggs, W. M. (2022). A Comparison of American Women’s Experiences with Gestational Surrogate and Spontaneous Pregnancies. Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence, 7(3), 1.

Nuralievich, Y. S. (2023). Establishment History and Concept of Surrogate Motherhood. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 5(3), 64-67.

Puspitasari, D. E. (2022). The Legal Status of Surrogate Mothers in Indonesia. Batulis Civil Law Review, 3(1), 19-28.

Riggs, D., & Due, C. (2019). A critical approach to surrogacy: reproductive desires and demands. Routledge.

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