Study Designs

Study Designs

Healthcare leaders and managers mainly use case-control studies to collect data on factors linked to diseases and their outcomes. They can research rare diseases, outbreaks, and research on multiple risk factors. Case-control studies are highly susceptible to recall bias (Tenny et al., 2022). Case-control studies are relatively cost-effective compared to cohort studies since cases are outlined at the start of the research and have a short follow-up period. The hierarchy of evidence classifies case-control studies at level Ⅲ (Tenny & Varacallo, 2022). An example of a case-control study is a study on hypertension. The case group will comprise known hypertensives, while the control group will comprise individuals of the same demographic as the case group but are not hypertensive. The researcher can collect data on their lifestyle and conclude that smoking and alcohol intake are risk factors for hypertension.

Healthcare leaders and managers use cohort studies to carry out studies over time. They are highly prone to selection bias and have a very low susceptibility to recall bias. Cohort studies are costly since they are used to study rare diseases; hence, they have a long follow-up duration, which requires a continuous flow of financial resources (Munnangi & Boktor, 2022). The hierarchy of evidence classifies prospective cohort studies at level Ⅱ and retrospective cohort studies at level Ⅲ (Tenny & Varacallo, 2022). An example of a cohort study is a study on the potential long-term effects of covid 19.

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are used to study new drugs and devices. They have minimum selection bias since the participants are randomly divided into experimental and control groups. RCTs are very expensive to conduct (Munnangi & Boktor, 2022). The hierarchy of evidence classifies prospective cohort studies at level Ⅰ (Tenny & Varacallo, 2022). An example of an RCT is a study on the effects of a novel antihypertensive that is carried out using a group administered the antihypertensive and another group issued a placebo. Both groups are selected randomly, and the participants are not aware of the drug they have taken.

References

Munnangi S, Boktor SW. Epidemiology Of Study Design. [Updated 2022 Apr 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470342/

Tenny S, Kerndt CC, Hoffman MR. Case-Control Studies. [Updated 2022 Mar 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448143/

Tenny S, Varacallo M. Evidence-Based Medicine. [Updated 2021 Oct 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470182/

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There are several different types of studies that can help make data from research credible and, therefore, useful to healthcare managers and leaders. Credible data is vital to making safe decisions. From thorough research of at least three credible sources, please discuss the following tools used in research:

Case-control studies
Cohort studies, retrospective and prospective
Randomized clinical trials
Include the following key concepts in your discussion of each study:

Data that can be collected and used by healthcare leaders and managers
Inherent biases
Cost-effectiveness
Level of reliability using the hierarchy of evidence rating method
An example of the study
Before the end of the week, begin commenting on at least two of your classmates’ responses. You can ask technical questions or respond generally to the overall experience. Be objective, clear, and concise. Always use constructive language, even in criticism, to work toward the goal of positive progress.