Scientific Method to Observation and Data Analysis

Scientific Method to Observation and Data Analysis

Many scholars have proved that urbanization affects socioeconomic position and lifestyle and, more importantly, drives a nation’s health transition. According to Goryakin, Rocco, & Suhrcke (2017), urbanization has positive effects, such as better access to social services, education, and healthcare services. However, it has been widely reported that there has been a nutrition transition in urban settings where people are increasingly consuming excess sugar and saturated fats (Pan, Malik, & Hu, 2012). Aung et al. (2018) state that the net impact of urbanization is a transition to increased obesity rate as well as non-communicable illnesses such as diabetes type II. World Health Organization (2015) reported that diabetes mellitus ranked sixth among fatal illnesses in 2015. One hundred forty-six million cases of diabetes mellitus were reported in rural places in 2017, whereas 274 million cases were reported in urban settings (Aung et al., 2018).

In Asian regions such as Myanmar, the rate of metabolic and behavioral risk factors for non-communicable illnesses, like hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and high alcohol consumption, was found to be higher among citizens between the ages of 15 and 64 in 2009 (Bjertness et al., 2016). In 2012, non-communicable illnesses were the cause of 59% of deaths in Myanmar, and in 2004, they led to 8.1% of deaths in the Yangon Region (Aung et al., 2018). Although non-communicable illnesses are prevalent, especially in Asian countries, few research studies have focused on non-communicable illnesses and their risk factors, especially in rural and urban settings. This research study investigates the link between urban and rural settings and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus among adults between the ages of 25 and 70, comparing female and male citizens in Northeast China between 2017 and 2019. The study’s hypothesis is that diabetes mellitus is higher among people who live in urban settings than those in rural settings.

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Methods and Materials

The diabetes mellitus cases were observed in the China Health Statistics Yearbook between 2017 and 2020. The number of participants in the study was observed for both rural and urban places and ages between 25 and 70 years. The observed data indicated pre-diabetes and diabetes diagnosis of participants in accordance with fasting plasma glucose, history, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The participants’ gender participation and education level were also observed from the Yearbook statistical trend. The income levels of the participants were also observed from the statistics. The data also indicated the dietary lifestyles of participants in rural areas and in urban areas.

Results and Conclusion

The results showed that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in urban settings was 20.2% in urban areas and 15.8% among rural residents. The distribution of men and women in the study was more or less the same in rural and urban places, with about three-quarters of participants being women. The level of education among participants was found to be higher among urban residents than rural residents, about 26% versus 5%. The number of people who lived below 1 dollar was higher in rural places than in urban places. Those who lived below 1 dollar in urban settings were prone to adopting unhealthy lifestyles and lacked resources to access healthcare services. It was also found that physically inactive participants in rural areas had a low intake of vegetables and fruits. Most of them were overweight, resulting in a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus since vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, and manganese found in vegetables and fruits are essential for the body (Thompson & Manore, 2015).

On the other hand, participants in urban areas where diabetes prevailed were mostly uneducated, considered healthy diets expensive, and mostly relied on fast foods more than those in rural areas. Therefore, the stated hypothesis is true. This means that lifestyle and sociodemographic factors are key contributors to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.

References

Aung, W. P., Htet, A. S., Bjertness, E., Stigum, H., Chongsuvivatwong, V., & Kjøllesdal, M. K. R. (2018). Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74-year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Two cross-sectional studies. BMJ open, 8(3), e020406.

Bjertness, M. B., Htet, A. S., Meyer, H. E., Htike, M. M. T., Zaw, K. K., Oo, W. M., & Bjertness, E. (2016). Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in Myanmar-a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-10.

Goryakin, Y., Rocco, L., & Suhrcke, M. (2017). The contribution of urbanization to non-communicable diseases: Evidence from 173 countries from 1980 to 2008. Economics & Human Biology, 26, 151-163.

Pan, A., Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B. (2012). Exporting diabetes mellitus to Asia: the impact of Western-style fast food. Circulation, 126(2), 163-165.

Thompson, J. & Manore, M. (2015). Nutrition for Life, Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River NJ: Benjamin Cummings.

World Health Organization (2015). The Top 10 Causes of Death. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

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Have you ever had a problem that you needed to solve or a question that you needed to answer? Scientists have this dilemma all the time and use the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions. The scientific method was developed to standardize scientific research. This clearly defined process to evaluate data and propose new ideas ensures that research has been properly conducted and analyzed. Further, the scientific method allows for the reproduction of the experiment by other researchers and should lead to the same results every time.

Scientific Method to Observation and Data Analysis

For this week’s Assignment, you will be asked to apply the scientific method related to an observation you can make in your own life.

To prepare for this Assignment:

Review your course text, paying particular attention to content related to the scientific method and who you can trust to help you choose foods wisely.
Also, review the Institute for Inquiry website in this week’s Learning Resources.
Consider a case in your own life where you could use the scientific method or elements of the scientific method to solve a problem. Think about observations you make on a daily basis that are related to nutrition. This may include how many alcohol commercials play during sporting events on the television, how many coworkers bring sack lunches for lunch versus take-out or frozen lunches, or the number of sugary cereal commercials that play during cartoons on Saturday mornings, for example.
Choose an observation related to nutrition that you would like to investigate by using the scientific method.
From your observation, propose a hypothesis. For example, “More alcohol commercials play during a basketball game on the television than during a made-for-TV romantic drama.”
After you have determined your hypothesis, observe and collect data that will help you support or disprove your hypothesis. (For the example hypothesis, this would include watching a basketball game and recording the number of alcohol commercials played during that game and then watching a made-for-TV romantic drama and recording the number of alcohol commercials that play during that program.)
The Assignment (2 pages):

Write a 2-page, double-spaced paper in which you apply the scientific method to observation and data analysis and test your hypothesis based on your observations. Please make sure that your paper contains all of the following headers:
Abstract: This is a brief, 150-word summary of the entire paper, including the results you found. This does not need to contain citations.
Introduction: The introduction is a statement of why you decided to conduct your research study and what information it has the potential to contribute to the scientific world. Be sure to include any background information important for the reader to understand your study. Also, be sure to identify clearly your hypothesis statement. (1–2 paragraphs)
Methods and Materials: Describe the process you went through to collect your data in detail, including minor elements that may be relevant, like time or day or anything important for the reader to understand your data collection methods. (1–2 paragraphs)
Results and Conclusion: Provide the results of your data, either in tabular form or written out as part of the essay. Also, be sure to interpret your results clearly and provide your reasoning on whether you can or cannot support your original hypothesis. Remember, even results that do not support your original hypothesis are a good contribution to science! (1–2 paragraphs)
Remember to include citations, especially in your Introduction and Conclusion. It is important to support your ideas by citing relevant research or scientific concepts.
Use at least two references. Submit your paper with double spacing in 12-point Times New Roman.

Resources:
Thompson, J., & Manore, M. (2015). Nutrition for life (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Benjamin Cummings.

Chapter 6, “Vitamins: Micronutrients with Macro Powers” (pp. 155–191)
In this chapter, the authors detail the roles of different vitamins and how the body uses them. Also outlined are the differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, the role of antioxidants, and how cancer grows in the body.

Chapter 7, “Minerals: Building and Moving Our Bodies” (pp. 192–224)
In Chapter 7, you see how individual minerals work in the body, their sources, and how blood transports these nutrients.

Chapter 8, “Fluid Balance, Water, and Alcohol” (pp. 225–249)
Water makes up more than half the body. In Chapter 8, you will learn what water does for the body, how it is lost, and good sources for replenishing it. This chapter also discusses how alcohol affects the body.

Exploratorium. (2016). Institute for Inquiry: Examining the art of science education. Retrieved from http://www.exploratorium.edu/education/ifi

You will use this resource for this week’s Assignment.

Katan, M. B. (2007). Does industry sponsorship undermine the integrity of nutrition research? PLoS Medicine, 4(1), e6

UC Berkeley Library. (2016). Critical evaluation. Evaluating Resources: Home. Retrieved from http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/evaluating-resources

Document: To Generate and Save a Report (Word document)

Optional Resources
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2016). Eat right. Retrieved from http://www.eatright.org/

American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2016). Integrity in scientific research video series. Retrieved from http://www.aaas.org/page/integrity-scientific-research-video-series

Centers for Disease Control. (n.d.). Water & nutrition: Basics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/nutrition/

Edmund, N. W. (2011). The scientific method today. Retrieved from http://www.scientificmethod.com/

United States Department of Agriculture. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.fns.usda.gov/

World Health Organization. (2016). Nutrition: Nutrition health topics. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/en/