Research on Neuro-Centric Interventions

Research on Neuro-Centric Interventions

Kerna, N., Flores, J., Holets, H., Nwokorie, U., Pruitt, K., Solomon, E., & Kadivi, K. (2020). Adderall: On the razor’s edge of ADHD treatment, enhanced academic and physical performance, addiction, psychosis, and death. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(12). DOI: 10.31080/ecpp.2020.09.00801

This article reviews Adderall, a medication approved to treat narcolepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The authors critically analyze the composition of Adderall, its pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and the indications, contraindications, and prevalence of use. The authors also present the adverse effects of the drug in short-term and long-term use, as well as the current prohibitions on drug use. Based on a review of the evidence, Adderall is a combination drug of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine as the main active components. Both are stimulants and work by increasing the action of neurotransmitters, specifically dopamine and norepinephrine, and trigger the release of epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine. Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine also promote the synthesis of specific neuropeptides, including cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides. Adderall is absorbed in the small intestines within two hours. The authors note Adderall improves mental aptitude, physical strength, high moods, wakefulness, and increased excitation, making it suitable for managing ADHD. Due to its effects, the drug is banned from professional sporting events. The review identifies death, addiction, paranoia, delusion, hallucinations, panic attacks, tremors, and suicidal ideation as major adverse effects. Long-term use can lead to higher tolerance. It is abused as a learning ability medication.

This article has a higher validity and accuracy as it has reviewed the evidence on Adderall from multiple peer-reviewed articles, further improving its reliability. The article’s authors also have authority in various medical fields, including medical research and consultation. The article has effectively presented its central message on the use of Adderall for managing ADHD and its risks and side effects. The article is useful as it provides a clear review of Adderall as a neuro-centric medication that can be used to effectively manage ADHD as well as the associated adverse effects with use, which can help in treating patients with ADHD.

Memon, A. M. (2021). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment of Adolescent Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Narrative Review of Literature. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1–3), 43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34150364

The author of this article presents a narrative review of the literature on the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents. The narrative review aimed to explore how efficient, safe, and feasible the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is in treating adolescents with ADHD. Arguably, the author notes that although there exists sufficient evidence on the efficiency, safety, and tolerability of TMS in treating children and adults with ADHD, literature on the use of TMS in treating adolescent ADHD is lacking. Additionally, the article notes that despite the use of standard pharmacotherapies, an estimated 30% of patients do not respond to treatments with major mental, physical, and socioeconomic effects. With a review of only five of 32 possible articles that meet the inclusion criteria, evidence shows that using TMS to treat adolescent ADHD had a notable safety and efficacy profile. Additionally, TMS is linked to irreversible changes in neural circuits that can have long-term effects on brain and cognitive development. The authors conclude the review with a call for further targeted large-scale clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of TMS using adolescent participants.

This article has high accuracy and validity as analyzed evidence from peer-reviewed articles presenting evidence from multicenter RCTs using various NF protocols. The authors are also well-versed in the subject, with authority in biomedical research, neuropsychiatry, and related fields. The article effectively presents its objectives and conclusions in a way that readers can understand. This article is useful in exploring NF as an alternative to pharmacotherapy options. It also presents evidence of the efficacy and safety of NF and provides directions for future research on the same.

Pimenta, M. G., Brown, T., Arns, M., & Enriquez-Geppert, S. (2021). Treatment efficacy and clinical effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback as a personalized and multimodal treatment in ADHD: A critical review. In Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (Vol. 17). https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S251547

This article critically reviews the efficiency and clinical effectiveness of personalized and multimodal therapy for ADHD using EEG neurofeedback. The authors aim to explore the current evidence on the effectiveness and efficacy of NF in ADHD treatment. The review also compares NF treatments coupled with additional interventions, including psychosocial, sleep hygiene, and dietary counseling, to non-individualized NF and single-drug therapies in enhancing long-term ADHD outcomes. NF is a brain-computer interface (BCI)–based neuromodulation technology that utilizes parameters such as EEG frequencies to map brain activity in real-time and identify underlying cognition and behavioural issues. Based on a review of evidence from 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies, the authors conclude that personalized and multimodal NF interventions are more effective in treating ADHD than using NF alone or alternative medication. Based on reviewed evidence, the authors suggest that the effectiveness of ADHD treatment using NF can be affected by individual factors and ADHD-specific factors such as reward sensitivity. The authors suggest that future research should focus on a thorough examination of the available data on the efficacy of customized and multimodal NF therapies.

This article has high accuracy and validity as it has included only peer-reviewed articles specifically focused on exploring the effective use of TMS exclusively in adolescent ADHD. The authors also have authority in the field of medicine. They have also attempted to effectively present the aims of the narrative literature review. This article is useful as it presents evidence on the safety and efficacy of TMS as an alternative and sets the phase to explore safer and effective alternatives to the use of medications in the treatment of ADHD.

Stephan, W., Banas, L. J., Brierley, W., & Hamblin, M. R. (2022). Efficacy of Photobiomodulation for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Case Studies. World Journal of Neuroscience, 12(03). https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2022.123015

This article presents a discussion of case studies exploring the efficacy of applying Photobiomodulation (PBM), or low-level laser therapy (LLLT), for treating ADHD. Evidence of the efficient application of PBM in the management of mental health issues such as dementia and Alzheimer’s, as well as pain and injury, is well presented in existing literature. The authors note they have worked on brain injuries for over 15 years and published case studies. However, they note that limited evidence exists regarding the efficacy of the use of PBM in managing ADHD symptoms. The authors also explore the specific mechanisms that lead to the beneficial use of PBM. From a review of seven case studies, the authors determine the efficacy in the management of ADHD. Notably, the mechanism of the benefits of using PBM is related to how the technique improves the functioning of the mitochondrial function. This, in return, increases the functional connectivity within the brain. The authors also note that the use of PBM as a single treatment was more effective in managing ADHD as compared to pharmaceutical interventions.

This article has level four evidence and is successful, making it have medium accuracy and validity. The researchers have authority in the subject. The article has effectively presented the central idea of the study as well as the message. It is useful as it highlights safer and more effective methods of managing ADHD as well as evidence that can improve the use of such alternatives to overcome the risk of medication-related adverse effects.

References

Kerna, N., Flores, J., Holets, H., Nwokorie, U., Pruitt, K., Solomon, E., & Kadivi, K. (2020). Adderall: On the razor’s edge of ADHD treatment, enhanced academic and physical performance, addiction, psychosis, and death. EC Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(12). DOI: 10.31080/ecpp.2020.09.00801

Memon, A. M. (2021). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review of the literature. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1–3), 43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34150364

Pimenta, M. G., Brown, T., Arns, M., & Enriquez-Geppert, S. (2021). Treatment efficacy and clinical effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback as a personalized and multimodal treatment in ADHD: A critical review. In Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (Vol. 17). https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S251547

Stephan, W., Banas, L. J., Brierley, W., & Hamblin, M. R. (2022). Efficacy of photobiomodulation for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Case studies. World Journal of Neuroscience, 12(03). https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2022.123015

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Research on Neuro-Centric Interventions

This assignment is designed to help you evaluate sources of information in the substance use disorder treatment field. The field has and continues to rapidly develop since the American Society of Addiction Medicine asserted that addictions are primarily a disorder of the brain. Students will develop An annotated bibliography relevant to substance use disorder etiology, maintenance, treatment, and recovery that includes a neurocentric perspective.

Instructions
Prepare an annotated bibliography that would support a hypothesis of a neuro-centric intervention for the CODs you describe in this week’s discussion. If no COD’s reported in your discussion, select an area of interest to you from the unit readings and apply your hypothesis to that.

1. Find a minimum of four sources on your topic – these should be your best sources so that means you will likely have reviewed at least twice this many

2. For the four sources – Only 1 can be web sites, the other 3 should be scholarly peer-reviewed articles from EBSCO

3. ONLY use APA citation formatting and use it consistently in the assignment

4. Look for reliable, valid sources that discuss research and use academic language

5. As you write your annotated paragraph include both a summary of the source AND an evaluation of the validity of the source and its usefulness. Paragraphs should be in full sentences 70-200 words long. The length of the entry is often linked with the length of the source.

A. Summarize the content of the source – be descriptive and specific

B. Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the source

C. Describe the usefulness of the source

D. Evaluate the Efficacy level of the source

6. The format should list the citation, then the appropriate paragraph annotation followed by the next citation and annotation. All entries should be typed and double-spaced.

Length: 3-5 pages, not including title and reference pages.