Phases of Cyber Operations- Goals and Objectives of Each Stage

Phases of Cyber Operations- Goals and Objectives of Each Stage

Article I of the United States Constitution outlines the powers and responsibilities of the federal government’s legislative branch, known as Congress. It is divided into ten sections, each addressing different aspects of congressional authority and procedure. The powers, commonly referred to as delegated or enumerated powers, explicitly outline the authority of the federal government and are in section 8 of this article. These powers include one regulation of commerce, whereby the federal government has the authority to regulate commerce among the states and with foreign nations (Coan & Schwartz, 2023). Second, the federal government has the exclusive authority to coin money, regulate its value, and establish standards for weights and measures. The third enumerated power is that of providing for the national defence. The federal government has the power to raise and maintain armed forces, declare war, and make treaties with other nations.

Another example of enumerated power is the establishment of post offices and roads. The national government has the power to institute post offices and post roads for mail delivery and communication throughout the country. Subsequently, the federal government has the authority to levy taxes, duties, imposts, and excises to fund its operations and programs. Lastly, yet importantly, the federal government has the authority to establish federal courts below the Supreme Court and define their jurisdiction.

On the other hand, reserved powers are powers not specifically delegated to the federal government by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the states and are consequently reserved for the states or the citizens (Arowosegbe, 2014). Conversely, these authorities are outlined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution, as follows, “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people” (Lash, 2007, p 1910). Examples of reserved powers include education, whereby the authority to regulate education, including curriculum criteria, funding, and the institution of public schools, is typically reserved for the states. The second example is intrastate commerce; whereas the national government controls interstate commerce, states have the power to control commerce that takes place exclusively inside their borders. Further, matters such as marriage, divorce, and adoption are typically regulated by state laws rather than federal laws. Other reserved laws include those of public safety and election procedures. States have the authority to regulate matters related to public safety, such as law enforcement, firefighting, and emergency services, and to establish the procedures for conducting elections, including voter registration, ballot access, and the administration of voting systems.

Subsequently, concurrent powers are shared by both the federal government and the states (Arowosegbe, 2014). These powers may be exercised simultaneously by both levels of government. Examples of concurrent powers include taxation, whereby both the federal government and the states have the power to levy taxes on individuals and businesses within their respective jurisdictions. A second example of concurrent power is law enforcement. While states have primary responsibility for law enforcement within their borders, the federal government can also enforce laws and regulations through agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Additionally, both the national government and the states have the power to establish courts and administer justice within their respective jurisdictions (Arowosegbe, 2014). Lastly, yet importantly, another example of concurrent power is in regard to money and resources whereby both the federal government and the states have the authority to borrow money to fund their operations. However, the federal government typically has greater borrowing capacity and they can also undertake infrastructure projects such as building dams, highways, and bridges.

References

Arowosegbe, J. O. (2014). Techniques for division of legislative powers under federal constitutions. JL Pol’y & Globalization, 29, 127.

Coan, A., & Schwartz, D. S. (2023). The Original Meaning of Enumerated Powers. Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper, (23-02).

Lash, K. T. (2007). The Original Meaning of an Omission: The Tenth Amendment, Popular Sovereignty, and Expressly Delegated Power. Notre Dame L. Rev., 83, 1889.

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Phases of Cyber Operation
In 500-600 words, explain and list the phases of well-organized cyber operations and describe the goals and objectives of each phase in detail. Include the following stages of a cyber operation:

Phases of Cyber Operations- Goals and Objectives of Each Stage

Target Identification
Reconnaissance
Gaining Access
Hiding Presence
Establishing Persistence
Execution
Assessment