Operant and Respondent Conditioning

Operant and Respondent Conditioning

After a review of Unit 3 within the Applied Behavior Analysis text, I learned that an individual could learn through two different ways, operant and respondent conditioning. Operant conditioning, introduced by B. F. Skinner, is a method that rewards behavior, whether it is negative or positive. Operant conditioning plays a unique role in our everyday activities and learning and is evoked by stimuli and maintained by consequences (Cooper et al., 2007). Respondent conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, was first described by Ivan Pavlov, and it involves behaviour that is occasioned by antecedent stimuli. This paper will focus on the similarities and differences between respondent and operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning involves any behaviour whose future frequency is usually determined by the history of consequences. The behaviour can be shaped through reinforcements that strengthen future behaviour or punishments which decrease or weaken future behaviour. The behaviour is usually shaped through the consequences that immediately follow it, thereby strengthening or weakening that behaviour. Operant conditioning involves changing the consequences so as to change the behaviour in the future, and it usually has a three-term contingency. Operant behaviour is voluntary and involves the active participation of the organism.

Respondent conditioning occurs when an initially neutral stimulus is partnered with an unconditioned stimulus; consequently, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and produces a conditioned response (Cherry, 2020). Respondent behaviours/reflexes are elicited by stimuli in the environment. Respondent behaviour involves a two-term contingency with a stimulus and response relation. The respondent’s behaviour is usually involuntary or reflexive, and the involuntary responses take place when the eliciting stimulus is present. Some examples of respondent behaviours include shivering, sneezing, and eye blinking (Miltenberger, 2016). For instance, the stimulus could be dust in the eye or hot food in the mouth, and the response to these is blinking of the eye and spitting the food out, respectively.

Whereas certain reinforcements or punishments bring about operant behaviour, reflexive behaviour in respondent behaviour is brought out by the stimuli that immediately precede it. According to Miltenberger (2016), operant conditioning entails the manipulation of consequences, whereas respondent behaviours involve the manipulation of antecedent stimuli. Respondent conditioning involves linking an involuntary response with a stimulus, whereas operant conditioning involves linking voluntary behaviour with a consequence. Furthermore, respondent behaviour involves a two-term contingency (stimulus and response), whereas operant behaviour involves a three-term contingency (antecedent, behaviour, and consequence). The antecedent stimulus and response elicited in respondent conditioning form a functional unit called a reflex. These are usually involuntary responses, taking place whenever the eliciting stimulus is available. Despite these differences, operant and respondent conditioning are similar in that they both involve making an association between events and behaviour in the organism’s environment. Both of them can be used to explain behaviour, and both take place following a certain stimulus that elicits or evokes behaviour in respondent and operant conditioning, respectively.

In operant conditioning, an example is asking a child to do the dishes, and the child actually cleans the dishes, after which he gets candy. It is expected that when the child is asked to do the dishes once again, he will do it with the expectation of a reward. On the other hand, if the child is asked to do the dishes but refuses to do so and is punished as a result of that behaviour, then in the future, when he is asked to do the dishes, there is the likelihood that he will do it so as to avoid the punishment associated with disobedience. I have often utilized operant conditioning when working with my students in a school setting. Throughout the day, each student knows that if they follow directions and complete assignments in a timely manner, they will be rewarded, and failure to complete the assignments on time results in punishment. Rewards consist of moving their clip up or down on the behavior chart or, in some cases earning points based on each individual’s educational plan. By offering rewards, the students work harder, try to complete their assignments on time and work hard at success.

An example of respondent conditioning is when a mother comes home, slams the door because apparently she had a bad day at work, and comes home and screams at her children for no apparent reason. Because of her behaviour, the children have learned to expect that when she comes home and displays this behaviour, their actions consist of becoming nervous; they tremble every time they hear the sound of a door slamming. Another example of respondent conditioning is when one is in a public area and hears a familiar ringtone or notification chime. Once one hears the tone, they instinctively reach out for their smartphone, only to discover that it is coming from another person’s phone. The tone or chime is a neutral stimulus, and through respondent conditioning, one links it with the positive feeling associated with reading a message.

Both operant and respondent conditioning are very important in behaviourism. The main difference between these two is in the way in which behaviour is conditioned. Whereas in respondent conditioning, a neutral stimulus is usually paired with the conditioned response, the desired behavior is partnered with a consequence in operant conditioning. Furthermore, respondent conditioning involves involuntary or reflex responses, whereas operant conditioning involves voluntary responses.

References

Cherry, K. (June 4, 2020). Classical vs. Operant Conditioning. VeryWellMind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-vs-operant-conditioning-2794861#:~:text=Classical%20conditioning%20involves%20associating%20an,conditioning%20involves%20no%20such%20enticements.

Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis. Pearson.

Miltenberger, R.G. (2016). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. Cengage Learning.

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Operant and Respondent Conditioning

In this unit, we explore two types of learning—operant and respondent conditioning. With respondent conditioning, individuals emit reflexive behaviour in the presence of certain stimuli. With operant conditioning, behaviours continue to occur, or not, due to the consequences that follow them.

Operant and Respondent Conditioning

As behaviour analysts, we frequently use operant conditioning to teach new behaviours (and eliminate old behaviours) by manipulating the consequences that follow them.

Respondent conditioning is also used by behavior analysts, for example, by establishing various reinforcers through pairing of stimuli.

For this assignment, complete the following:

1. Define operant and respondent conditioning.
2. Describe the similarities and differences between these two types of learning.
3. Provide two real-world, detailed examples of operant conditioning and two real-world, detailed examples of respondent conditioning.