NUR 3643-Deliverable 4-Differentiating Research Methodologies

Research Methods

Type of Studies

Rigor

Approaches

Data Collection Method and Analysis

Qualitative Research

Collects and analyzes graphic, non-numerical data to understand observations, opinions, or experiences. It outlines the difficulty, scope, or range of occurrences. It occurs in natural settings. Focuses on lived circumstances and human assessments.

Focus on the social aspect of research Using open-ended questions interviewing individuals in a designed method (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Qualitative rigor is difficult due to being subjective. Measuring and establishing severity is much more complicated because it deals with descriptions and people rather than numbers and statistics. It often lacks transparency and is based on the researcher’s subjectivity and context. Rigor becomes a challenge in this type of research due to the possibility of bias from the researcher’s perspective. Specific standards or consensus do not exist in qualitative studies. In qualitative research, rigour can be achieved with a valid research question, and the selected methodology enables the research question to be answered. (Goodman et al., 2020).

Grounded theory research investigates the experience of people, their responses, and reactions to generate theory. Contains a repetitive process of data collection and analysis. It relies on samples developed throughout studies. Researchers using this approach can understand psychosocial processes and develop theories to explain what is happening. (Dhaliwal et al., 2019).

Historical research studies past events to interpret the facts and explain the events’ cause and effect on current circumstances. This approach is used to establish facts and principles, as well as to understand their impact. (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Phenomenological research Investigates a phenomenon or event by subjective description and interpretation of participants’ experiences. They are primarily applied in social sciences and nursing practice.

Phenomenological approaches are beneficial when assessing multifaceted, questionable, and emotionally weighted topics. (Shamsaei et al., 2020). Ethnographic research studies groups or administrations to understand their cultures. This approach requires surveillance and direct participation by the researcher in the natural environment. It allows different roles of the researcher, which vary between observation and participation. Ethnographic approaches aim to understand society and educational processes. (Andreassen et al.,2020).

Exploratory-Descriptive Qualitative Research is used in natural settings and delivers the least control over variables. They are often used in health care, especially in the nursing discipline. This research method answers specific questions (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Qualitative data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observing participants, and examining documents and media resources. Interviews in qualitative studies vary from a fixed set of questions, with no selected responses, to open-ended questions. Focus groups are dynamic and can help people explain their views in ways that are less likely to occur on a one-to-one basis. Observation of participants in their natural setting will allow the observer to analyze situations more deeply. Examining documents and media resources can support the development of studies—for example, photos, videos, and literature. Qualitative research data collection methodology is valuable when the problem is not fully understood and there is an appeal to examine the issue methodically. (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Data analysis methods

include coding. Coding is reading the data and labelling that part of the text. Codes are symbols or abbreviations used to classify words or phrases in the data. Themes and interpretation are essential. Themes are abstract phrases or terms combined with the original data that need to be interpreted by the researcher. The decision to adopt a qualitative methodology requires numerous considerations, including

extensive planning and self-reflection on any personal beliefs and biases toward the topic. (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Quantitative Research

Collects and analyzes numerical data to discover patterns, averages, and estimates and determine the associations. It’s unbiased and used to analyze broad populations. It can occur in experimental and ordinary settings.

Produces numeric data using a standardized process.

Commonly used in sciences, such as biology, chemistry, economics, sociology, and marketing. Used to accurately research nursing assessments for new therapies and new medication, analyzing nursing staff and patients (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Quantitative rigor is easier to achieve because it is objective and uses numerical data, making it easier to interpret statistically. The researcher can test and validate theories because the data can be quickly analyzed, especially with large amounts of data.

Concise and objective analysis techniques arbitrate rigor in quantitative studies. It is accurate, consistent, precise, measurable, and reliable. Its transparency and unbiasedness are maintained. In quantitative research, severity is complex, and the exact process and procedures ensure results are replicable. (Goodman et al., 2020).

Experimental– separates the recognized phenomena in a laboratory and regulates settings under which the research occurs. It entails control groups and at least one experimental group (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Quasi-Experimental– Contain interventions.

Do not always include a control group. Utilize randomization. Interventions may be in place with pre- and post-intervention implementation outcome assessments and an assessment used to identify if the intervention made a difference (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Non-Experimental– Observes the phenomena, analyzes data, and examines past behaviours to identify if a relationship exists to identify the issue (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Quantitative data collection uses various techniques, such as observations, interviews, questionnaires, scales, and biological measures. To collect this type of data, permission from different agencies and consent from participants must be obtained and documented. To guarantee patients’ rights to privacy, patient-level data can seldom be shared outside an institution. (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Quantitative research

analysis includes descriptive and inferential analyses.

Descriptive analyses define the sample and study variables, allowing the researcher to establish data in ways that give meaning and facilitate understanding. Inferential analyses study predictions and relationships and determine differences in studies. Inferential statistics interpret objectives, questions, and hypotheses. Quantitative research includes developing an idea and describing the predicted result, association, or predictable outcome from the researched question. (Rutberg & Bouikidis, 2018).

Collects and analyses observational

Outcome research rigour is developed in randomized and nonrandomized

Sampling methods are different in outcome research. Random sampling is rarely used except in

randomized controlled trials.

In outcome research, data is gathered through analysis, which is examining data or

information collected by

Outcomes Research

data to assess and cultivate healthcare methods, utilization, cost, and interventions.

Uses a literature review, clinical trial data, and expert panels. It’s used to analyze treatments’ benefits, risks, and outcomes. It guides clinicians in selecting the most effective strategies and treatments.

Researchers must collect scientific evidence of interest, relevancy and applicability to practice (Olsson & Sundell, 2016).

Studies. Rigor in outcome research has firm clinical parameters in place to preserve the reliability of the study. Severity is often questionable; data is narrow in this type of research and occasionally of objectionable quality and bias. The lack of quality data in outcome research hinders accomplishing evidence-based practice and disseminating data from research to course. (Esmail et al., 2020).

Typically, heterogeneous samples rather than homogeneous samples. It uses large databases as sample sources, clinical databases created by providers such as hospitals or healthcare professionals, and administrative databases created by insurance companies, government agencies, and others not directly involved in patient care. Large databases help display differences and add validity to results. (Esmail et al., 2020).

Economic studies

examine affairs related to the effective use of scarce resources. It looks at ways of identifying the most efficient means of care.

Economic researchers carefully apply mathematical approaches or directions to maximize resources and minimize excessive expenses. (Kim et al., 2020).

Population-based studies are conducted within the setting of the patient’s community. The defined population is included, not just particular healthcare facilities.

Population-based approaches are helpful in public health to promote preventative care and encourage people to live healthier lives. (Esmail et al., 2020).

Other researchers, organizations, or agencies, such as hospitals or clinics. In outcome research, data reliability, sensitivity, and legitimacy should be assessed and summarized. Sensitivity, mainly because researchers are often interested in determining how outcomes change in response to medical or nursing interventions. Dependable, consistent data collection leads to evidence-based practice. (Esmail et al., 2020)

References

Andreassen, P., Christensen, M. K., & Møller, J. E. (2020). Focused ethnography as an approach in medical education research. Medical Education, 54(4), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14045

Dhaliwal, K., King-Shier, K., & Hirst, S. P. (2019). The suitability of grounded theory research for correctional nursing. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 15(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/jfn.0000000000000225

Esmail, L. C., Barasky, R., Mittman, B. S., & Hickam, D. H. (2020). Improving comparative effectiveness research of complex health interventions: Standards from the patient-centred outcomes research institute (pcori). Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(S2), 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06093-6

Goodman, P., Robert, R. C., & Johnson, J. E. (2020). Rigor in phd dissertation research. Nursing Forum, 55(4), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12477

Kim, C. H., Simmons, S. C., Wang, D., Najafzadeh, P., Azad, A., & Pham, H. P. (2020). An economic analysis of different treatments for bleeding in patients with acquired haemophilia. Vox Sanguinis, 115(3), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12877

Olsson, T. M., & Sundell, K. (2016). Research that guides practice: Outcome research in Swedish phd theses across seven disciplines 1997–2012. Prevention Science, 17(4), 525–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0640-9

Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(3).

Shamsaei, F., Yaghmaei, S., & Haghighi, M. (2020). Exploring the lived experiences of the suicide attempt survivors: A phenomenological approach. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1), 1745478. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1745478

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