Narrative PowerPoint – Depression

Depression

Hello, and welcome to today’s presentation. This presentation is specially tailored to discuss the causes, impacts, mitigation, and management of depression.

We will begin by providing an overview of depression. This will entail the definition and signs and symptoms of depression. Then, we will identify the potential risk factors and etiologies of depression. We will then discuss the potential consequences of depression. After that, we will discuss strategies for preventing depression. Finally, we will discuss the treatment modalities for depression.

CDC.gov (2023) reports that approximately 4.7 percent of the adult population has reported regular episodes of depression in the USA. Also, the number of people who present with a primary diagnosis of depression is about 15 million annually (CDC.gov, 2023). In addition, depression accounts for more than one percent of emergency visits annually. This disorder affects 17 percent of adolescents aged twelve to seventeen years (NIMH.gov, 2022). According to CDC.gov (2023), more than 48,100 depression-related suicides are recorded annually in the USA.

According to DSM-5, individuals with depression should present with at least five symptoms. They include fatigue, worthlessness, indecisiveness, suicidal ideations, anhedonia, depressed mood, altered appetite and changes in weight, psychomotor agitation, and changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or hyper-insomnia) (Truschel, 2022). Furthermore, the symptoms should have occurred over the past two weeks and should consist of at least anhedonia or depressed mood (Truschel, 2022).

Various factors increase the risk of depression. Firstly, depression has a genetic predilection. Studies among twins reveal a concordance of about forty to fifty percent (Horowitz & Graf, 2019). Furthermore, first-degree relatives of a person with depression have a threefold risk of developing depression compared to the general population (Horowitz & Graf, 2019). Secondly, stressors increase the risk of depression. Examples of these stressors include chronic medical conditions, bereavement, diminished social support and lack of coping mechanisms, and negative life occurrences such as violence and abuse (Horowitz & Graf, 2019).

Depression is associated with both physical and psychosocial consequences. Physical consequences of depression include manifestations such as fatigue, headache, and back pain (Lee et al., 2020). The other physical manifestations include gastrointestinal disturbances, arthralgia, insomnia, hypersomnia, and changes in dietary habits (Lee et al., 2020). Psychosocial impacts of depression include anhedonia, pessimism, and apathy (Lee et al., 2020). In addition, poorly managed depression leads to suicidal ideations and suicides.

Greenberg et al. (2023) report that the economic burden of depression increased from about $236 billion in 2018 to $326 billion in 2020. These costs include direct costs, indirect costs, and suicide-related costs. Direct costs are incurred when providing medical services in various settings, such as the in-patient, emergency department, and outpatient departments (Greenberg et al., 2021). Also, direct costs are incurred on antidepressant medications. Indirect costs are incurred at the workplace. For instance, depression is likely to cause absenteeism or reduce the productivity of employees (Greenberg et al., 2021). Lastly, suicide-related costs are incurred from depression-associated mortalities.

Physical exercise reduces the risk of depression by releasing endorphins, increasing social interactions, and boosting an individual’s confidence (Lee et al., 2020). Secondly, support systems enable individuals to handle stressful events and prevent depression. This entails forming strong relationships with friends and families and availing local community resources such as support groups (Lee et al., 2020). Thirdly, adequate management of underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or kidney injury reduces the likelihood of depression. Fourthly, individuals should reduce alcohol intake and substance abuse. Alcohol and substance abuse increases the likelihood of depression (Lee et al., 2020). Fifthly, patients should embrace diets rich in fruits and vegetables and minimize sodium intake.

The treatment of depression embraces medications and non-pharmacological approaches. Various classes of medication are used. SSRIs have a low toxicity profile and are preferred over other antidepressants (Lee et al., 2020). Also, SNRIs are useful when patients fail to respond to SSRIs (Lee et al., 2020). Further, typical depressants can be used as monotherapy or combined with other antidepressants (Lee et al., 2020). The side effects of TCAs limit their use in contemporary practice. Other antidepressant agents include MAOIs, NMDA receptor blockers, and St. John’s wort (Lee et al., 2020).

Lee et al. (2020) report that psychotherapy embraces techniques such as Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), Problem-solving therapy (PST), Behavioral activation (BA), and dynamic therapy. IPT, CBT, PST, and BA psychotherapeutic techniques are specific and efficacious when used in the management of depression (Lee et al., 2020). On the other hand, dynamic psychotherapy is efficacious but not specific in the management of depression. Electroconvulsive therapy is indicated when patients fail to respond to medications and when there is a high likelihood of suicide and morbidity (Lee et al., 2020). Also, bright-light therapy can be used to augment medication in the management of depression (Lee et al., 2020).

References

CDC.gov. (2023). Depression. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/depression.htm

Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A. A., Sisitsky, T., Simes, M., Berman, R., Koenigsberg, S. H., & Kessler, R. C. (2021). The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). PharmacoEconomics, 39(6), 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01019-4

Horowitz, J. M., & Graf, N. (2019). Most U.S. Teens See Anxiety and Depression as Major Problems. Pew Research Center, February. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/02/20/most-u-s-teens-see-anxiety-and-depression-as-a-major-problem-among-their-peers/

Lee, Y., Brietzke, E., Cao, B., Chen, Y., Linnaranta, O., Mansur, R. B., Cortes, P., Kösters, M., Majeed, A., Tamura, J. K., Lui, L. M. W., Vinberg, M., Keinänen, J., Kisely, S., Naveed, S., Barbui, C., Parker, G., Owolabi, M., Nishi, D., … McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Development and implementation of guidelines for the management of depression: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(10), 683-697H. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.251405

NIMH.gov. (2022). Major Depression. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.

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For this assignment, you will develop and present an Educational Narrative PowerPoint. In the presentation of your chosen topic, be sure to examine the pathophysiological factors that influence the incidence and manifestations of acute, episodic, and chronic diseases in populations across the lifespan (MN551-3).

Narrative PowerPoint – Depression

Narrative, PowerPoint Assignment Requirements

• Make sure all of the content topics of the assignment have been addressed.
• Cite at least three references in your PowerPoint; this may include peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, or evidence-based practice websites to support the content.
• All reference sources must be within 5 years.
• Do not use sources such as Wikipedia or UpToDate as a reference.

Design and develop an 8- to 12-slide PowerPoint presentation using a voice/narrative feature on each slide (the title and reference slides do not count in the slide count but must be included in the assignment) that will be used to educate the community about the following topic:

Depression

Narrative, PowerPoint Contents to include, but not be limited to:

• Risk factors and causes
• Possible consequences
• Prevention Strategies
• Treatment Modalities