Literature Review

Literature Review

The Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) argues that sexual minority youths are at a heightened risk for particular adverse health outcomes. Youths who identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual report high levels of violence, substance use, victimization, and suicide risk compared to heterosexual youth. Such disparities are usually attributed to minority stress. According to data collated between 2015 and 2017 by the CDC, findings show that in comparison with heterosexual students, LGBTQ youth report more alcohol and drug use, victimization, and suicide risk (Johns et al., 2018). The CDC recommends programmatic efforts to lessen and prevent suicide risk, substance use, and victimization among sexual minority youths. This article will be useful in my research as it provides information on victimization experiences among sexual minorities and offers additional information on factors such as suicide risk and substance use which are common among this population.

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Kosciw and Palmer (2014) claim that coming out is a key milestone among LGBTQ youth, but it also predisposes them to peer victimization. The authors focus on the link between LGBTQs’ outness regarding their sexuality and academic and psychological outcomes. They claim that harassment in school is likely to interfere with LGBTQ youths’ psychological well-being, attachment to the school community, and academic attainment. This article will be beneficial to my research as it provides important information on the link between victimization and suicidal ideations among LGBTQ youth. In particular, the authors claim that the negative school experiences that LGBTQ youth experience predispose them to worse mental health outcomes compared to their non-LGBTQ peers, as well as suicidal behavior and ideation and sexual risk-taking behaviors. This article also recommends the need for a resilience framework that can help LGBTQ youth navigate various problems in school.

Similar to the CDC and Kosciw and Palmer’s findings, Williams, Banks, and Blake (2018) argue that sexual minority youths are more likely to experience bullying and experience negative outcomes from such bullying as compared to their heterosexual peers. The authors refer to this kind of bullying as bias-based bullying, which encompasses any form of bullying behavior that is directed at the perceived or actual sexual orientation and expression towards a target student. In their research, Williams, Banks, and Blake (2018) claim that the majority of the participants claim to be verbally abused in school due to their sexual orientation, and a few others claim to be physically harassed. Such bias-based bullying results in poorer ratings regarding school connections, increased rates of dropout, and a heightened suicidal attempts. This article will also be important for my research as it identifies a strong link between what is referred to as bias-based bullying and suicidal attempts. The article also offers recommendations for lessening bullying rates in school by identifying the role that bystanders can play when one is being bullied for their sexual orientation.

Johns et al. (2020) also support the claim that more LGBTQ youths in school tend to experience more suicide risk and violence victimization compared to heterosexual peers. This article shows that 33 percent of sexual minority students in school experience bullying compared to only 17 percent of heterosexual peers, and 23 percent of suicide attempts compared to only five percent among heterosexuals. This article shows a strong link between bullying and suicide risk among sexual minority youths and will greatly inform my research. The authors claim that female sexual minorities have higher rates of suicide risk behaviors and tendencies compared to LGBTQ males. However, they also report that more sexual minority male youths die from suicide than their female counterparts.

Jadva et al. (2021) also claim that LGBTQ youth have a heightened risk of suicide, suicidal attempts, and self-harm risk compared to their heterosexual peers. The article claims that 84 percent of trans youth report suicidal ideations, and 48 percent report attempted suicide. Similar to the CDC’s findings, Jadva et al. (2021) argue that minority stress, which is the discrimination, prejudice, and stigma linked to sexual minorities, is accountable for increased rates of mental health problems among sexual minorities. In their research, the authors claim that the majority of the sexual minority youth experienced higher suicidal ideation, self-harm, and suicide attempts, and bullying was considered the major trigger behind these suicidal tendencies. This article will also benefit my research as it provides key information on the link between bullying and suicide rates among sexual minority youths. The authors claim that sexual minority students who had been bullied were 2.6 times more likely to attempt suicide and 2.2 times more likely to undergo suicidal ideation compared to their heterosexual peers.

Lastly, Goodboy and Martin (2018) also claim that even though every youth is vulnerable to bullying, certain populations are at increased risk compared to others. In their research, sexual minorities predisposed individuals to more bullying tendencies. The authors write about various personal experiences of individuals who identify as LGBTQ, and the majority of them claim to have indulged in self-harm, suicidal attempts, or ideations due to some form of bullying. This could be physical, verbal, or online. Bullying causes minority students to experience an adverse school environment, negatively affecting their mental health and general well-being. This article will also help provide important information, showing a strong link between bullying and suicidal tendencies.

References

Goodboy, & Martin, M. M. (2018). LGBT bullying in school: perspectives on prevention. Communication Education, 67(4), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2018.1494846

Jadva, Guasp, A., Bradlow, J. H., Bower-Brown, S., & Foley, S. (2021). Predictors of self-harm and suicide in LGBT youth: The role of gender, socio-economic status, bullying and school experience. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab383

Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Haderxhanaj, L. T., Rasberry, C. N., Robin, L., Scales, L., & Suarez, N. A. (2020). Trends in violence victimization and suicide risk by sexual identity among high school students—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2015–2019. MMWR supplements, 69(1), 19.

Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Rasberry, C. N., Dunville, R., Robin, L., Pampati, S., & Kollar, L. M. M. (2018). Violence victimization, substance use, and suicide risk among sexual minority high school students—the United States, 2015–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(43), 1211.

Kosciw, Palmer, N. A., & Kull, R. M. (2014). Reflecting Resiliency: Openness about Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity and Its Relationship to Well-Being and Educational Outcomes for LGBT Students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9642-6

Williams, Banks, C. S., & Blake, J. J. (2018). High school bystanders’ motivation and response during bias‐based bullying. Psychology in the Schools, 55(10), 1259–1273. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22186

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This is a Literature review of the following resources:
Attached you will find the research question. The lit review needs to focus on a statement on how each reference will apply in regard to the research question.

Literature Review

Goodboy, & Martin, M. M. (2018). LGBT bullying in school: perspectives on prevention. Communication Education, 67(4), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2018.1494846
Jadva, Guasp, A., Bradlow, J. H., Bower-Brown, S., & Foley, S. (2021). Predictors of self-harm and suicide in LGBT youth: The role of gender, socio-economic status, bullying and school experience. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England). https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab383
Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Haderxhanaj, L. T., Rasberry, C. N., Robin, L., Scales, L., … & Suarez, N. A. (2020). Trends in violence victimization and suicide risk by sexual identity among high school students—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2015–2019. MMWR supplements, 69(1), 19.
Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Rasberry, C. N., Dunville, R., Robin, L., Pampati, S., … & Kollar, L. M. M. (2018). Violence victimization, substance use, and suicide risk among sexual minority high school students—the United States, 2015–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(43), 1211.
Kosciw, Palmer, N. A., & Kull, R. M. (2014). Reflecting Resiliency: Openness About Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity and Its Relationship to Well-Being and Educational Outcomes for LGBT Students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9642-6
Williams, Banks, C. S., & Blake, J. J. (2018). High school bystanders’ motivation and response during bias‐based bullying. Psychology in the Schools, 55(10), 1259–1273. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22186