Infant Mortality

This study will be about Infant mortality, what causes it, and how mothers respond to carrying a child and cannot care for them due to death. This study will discuss statistics, leading causes of infant mortality, nutrition plans for mothers, and programs that assist mothers in keeping themselves and their infants healthy. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child before the age of one. The leading causes of infant mortality have been around for several years. The significance of this study is to determine if the infant would live if a woman gets the proper care needed during the pregnancy, a prescription reduction, surgery early if needed, and a shot every week to prolong the pregnancy.

The rise of infant deaths in the United States of America at the end of the 19th century prompted awareness of infant mortality. Since then, many resources have been set in place to assure all mothers the chance of having a healthy pregnancy and healthy infant. One of the highest priorities of public health is the well-being of expecting mothers and their unborn child.

The infant mortality rate has gained attention for children’s health and is a reminder of the population’s health status. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is among many organizations that aid in research, statistics, and methods of decreasing maternal and infant mortality. Many factors lead to infant mortality, such as environmental factors, malnutrition during pregnancy, no prenatal care, genetics, and the lack of assistance to the expecting mother. Over the years, much-needed statistical data has been collected to ensure the decline of infant mortality in the United States of America. Programs for mothers who cannot completely provide care for their children are set in place to empower mothers until they can stand alone. Although the causes are still prevalent today, they can be controlled with the proper education and prevention measures. Congenital disabilities occur while the fetus is in the womb. These defects can range from mild to severe, such as cleft lip palate, Down syndrome, and heart defects. Preterm birth is a short gestation period that is a pregnancy of less than 37 weeks. Low birth weight is an infant who is under 5 pounds and 8 ounces at the time of birth. “In 2005, 4,698 infants died due to preterm and low birth weight” (Morrow, 2009). Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the death of infants under one year old, but the cause of death is unknown. Maternal complications are problems that occur during the gestation period, such as preeclampsia, placenta Previa, and incompetent cervix.

Incompetent cervix An incompetent cervix is a condition that occurs when weak cervical tissue causes or contributes to premature birth or the loss of an otherwise healthy pregnancy.

Having an incompetent cervix, you are taking a higher risk of losing your baby. During your pregnancy, you will be diagnosed as a high-risk patient. You are getting a cervical cerclage during every pregnancy before your second trimester. A cervical cerclage is a procedure in which stitches close the cervix during pregnancy to help prevent pregnancy loss or premature birth. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina.

“According to Webster, Maternal Nutrition refers to the nutrient intake and dietary planning undertaken before and during pregnancy. According to the Journal of Nutrition’s website (2000), nutrition is the major intrauterine environmental factor that alters the expression of the fetal genome and may have lifelong consequences. During pregnancy, you must eat healthy, exercise, and take prenatal vitamins; before taking any medications, make sure your physician approves them. Maternal nutrition plays a major role in fetal growth and development. Safe motherhood should begin before conception with good nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. As a mother, you should do what it takes to ensure your fetus will develop correctly.

Staying healthy during pregnancy is the best way to ensure your fetus is healthy after birth. Your baby’s health during pregnancy depends on what you eat, how much water you drink, and how often you exercise. Researchers say maintaining a healthy balanced diet is important for optimal health.

Poor maternal nutrition is the key factor to poor fetal development, which means the baby may be born with an illness or infant mortality. Every woman has a different pregnancy and experiences different symptoms. The best ways to have a safe pregnancy are putting yourself on a diet during your pregnancy, reporting to every prenatal doctor’s appointment, avoiding alcoholic beverages and caffeine, and taking all your prenatal vitamins. Pregnancy can be stressful because of the changes that a woman goes through. Expecting mothers have to change their lifestyles to ensure that they will have a healthy pregnancy.

On the other hand, having a difficult pregnancy can damage the body physically and mentally. In addition, unhealthy foods that women eat daily can sometimes affect their babies. This is why it’s best to eat healthy during pregnancy. Eat healthy, drink plenty of water, and rest as much as possible to maintain a healthy pregnancy. Pregnancy nutrition is essential to a healthy baby. Researchers say nutritional needs are increased during pregnancy and lactation to support fetal and infant growth and development along with alteration in maternal. If you eat healthy, exercise, avoid smoking or being around smoke, and attend your appointments, you can have a healthy and safe pregnancy. The virtual medical center stated that all women experience increased nutrition requirements during pregnancy, and all women should ensure they are well informed about and attempt to maintain a healthy balanced diet before and during pregnancy. It is important to ensure you attend your prenatal visits every month because you can better understand them. During your visits, you will have different ultrasounds done from different positions to ensure your pregnancy progresses healthily. An unhealthy pregnancy is called a maternal undernutrition development. According to Webster, undernutrition is inadequate nutrition resulting from a lack of food or failure of the body to absorb or assimilate nutrients properly. This means you are not eating properly during your pregnancy and taking a chance on the fetus not developing accurately. Based on Med-Plex OBGYN, recent estimates suggest maternal and child undernutrition is the underlying cause of 3.5 million deaths in babies. Undernutrition is not merely a result of too little food; it is a consequence of myriad factors, including poverty, repeated illnesses, inadequate access to health services, insufficient macro and micronutrient intake, unsafe water, and lack of access to improved sanitation.

In conclusion, Infant mortality is a very serious subject. And it deals with innocent lives that cannot help defend themselves. There are many steps to have a safe pregnancy and a healthy baby. The government has implemented numerous ways to seek information and to receive assistance if one is to need it. Each program is made for each mother. One mother may need insurance to help with prenatal care and delivery costs. Or another may need the benefits of receiving a car seat from the health department.

Many of the situations may be different. But this all leads up to the common goal of lengthening the life expectancy of newborns. Some of the important things to do as a mother is to go to every doctor’s appointment to ensure that the vehicle the mother uses is up to safety regulations.

Most women dream of becoming great mothers. When faced with bearing a child, women must bring a healthy baby. Birth is what makes this world never cease to exist. This review concerns infants’ societal effects and how infant mortality relates to criminal justice.

The leading causes of infant mortality have been around for several years. Although the causes are still prevalent today, they can be controlled with the proper education and prevention measures. Congenital disabilities occur while the fetus is in the womb.

These defects can range from mild to severe, such as cleft lip palate, Down syndrome, and heart defects. Preterm birth is a short gestation period that is a pregnancy of less than 37 weeks. Low birth weight is an infant who is under 5 pounds and 8 ounces at the time of birth. “In 2005, 4,698 infants died as a result of preterm and low birth weight” (Morrow, 2009). Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the death of infants under one year old, but the cause of death is unknown. Maternal complications are problems that occur during the gestation period, such as preeclampsia, placenta Previa, and incompetent cervix. “In 2005, 1,769 infants died as a result of maternal complications” (Morrow, 2009). Complications of the umbilical cord, placenta, and membranes also cause infant mortality. According to Morrow, umbilical cord and placenta complications were responsible for 1,095 infant deaths in 2005 (Morrow, 2009).

Micronutrient intake, unsafe water, and lack of access to improved sanitation. According to Americanpregnancy.org (2009), pregnancy is divided into trimesters lasting about 12 – 14 weeks each. Similar to development, these can be calculated from different dates, so not all trimester calculations will equal the same. The following information divides the three trimesters into over 3 completed months each. The first trimester is week 1 through the end of the week.

The second trimester usually ends around the 26th week and comprises the 4th, 5th, and 6th completed months. The third trimester can end between the 38th – 42nd week and is the 7th, 8th, and 9th completed month of pregnancy.

At the first visit, the confirmation of the pregnancy and let the mother know about different programs to help her along her pregnancy process. And each month of seeing the obstetrician, then the appointments every month, every week, the mother is gaining knowledge of what is going on with the unborn child, and that is to be expected.

Some doctors refer the patients to Le Leech League International, an organization that helps women understand the benefits of breastfeeding and the correct way of feeding. Even with this organization, the league shows the mothers how to formula feed and nurture the infant feeding at this intimate time between infant and mother.

The system has transportation set up if the mother does not have reliable transportation. All she would have to do is call the Department of Human Services and apply for this particular program, which is free. The Department of Human Services knows the importance of keeping appointments and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. And with that costly lifestyle, the organization knows that some citizens cannot afford it.

The prevention of infant mortality is a must. And some organizations are doing just that. Making new and old parents know and understand the facts about raising young children and the education that comes with it. Back to Sleep is one organization that educates parents about putting newborns and other infants on their backs for their naps and other rest times. Putting the infant on their back lowers the risk of SIDS or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Also, Shaking Baby Syndrome is another lesson that is taught at the Child Advocacy Center. The stress of the child can take a toll on the parent. Constant crying and not relieving the child worsen the situation for the parent. The center teaches the pare how to remain calm to take charge of the moment.

The local Health Department serving the greater Memphis area has a program for parents who cannot afford child safety seats. Providing the essentials is a must to promote infant mortality. And those who cannot afford child safety seats can utilize this special service, which is free as well. And with obtaining the seats, there is a class to show the parents how to install them inside the car and ensure the child is safely secured.

With infant mortality on the rise, the CDC is giving out free services to the public to ensure the child’s safety and the education the parent should receive for using the services. There are numerous programs that the Health Department has available that the CDC has made a collaboration with. One would be the child safety seats, and the other would be immunizations. Depending on the situation, the immunizations would be offered at a free or reduced price. This falls in the situation where the mother cannot afford health insurance.

PRAMS, or the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a system that the CDC has built to monitor new mothers and give them the resources to lower the chances of harm to their children. The researchers use this data from the pregnancy until the child’s birth. And the data collected is used for preventative measures for other mothers. Also, the CDC monitors SIDS or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. SIDS happens between the ages of birth and a year of age. The facts are not known what causes this death of children. But the CDC monitors that every parent puts their child on its back when laying the child to sleep and securing it during all activities.

“After a plateau from 2000 through 2005, the U.S. infant mortality rate declined by 12% to a rate of 6.05 in 2011. Provisional infant mortality counts for the first half 2012 suggest a continued downward trend. Infant mortality declined from 2005 through 2011 for all major racial and ethnic groups, with the most rapid decline among non-Hispanic black women. Among leading causes of death, infant mortality declined for four of the five leading causes. Infant mortality rates declined rapidly from 2005 through 2010 for selected Southern states; still, rates in 2010 remained higher in the South and Midwest than in other regions. In 2008, the United States ranked 27th in infant mortality rate among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, and a previous report linked the United States’ relatively unfavorable infant mortality ranking to its higher percentage of preterm births. Despite the recent infant mortality decline, comparing the 2011 U.S. infant mortality rate with the 2008 international rankings would still have the United States ranked 27th” (Recent Declines of, 2013).

According to Med Plex, the rise of infant deaths in the United States of America at the end of the 19th century prompted the awareness of infant mortality. Since then, many resources have been set in place to assure all mothers the chance of having a healthy pregnancy and healthy infant. One of the highest priorities of public health is the well-being of expecting mothers and their unborn child. Many factors lead to infant mortality, such as environmental factors, malnutrition during pregnancy, no prenatal care, genetics, and the lack of assistance to the expecting mother.

In conclusion, Pregnancy outcomes are influenced by a woman’s health and differ by factors such as race, age, education, health care access, ethnicity, and income. Each program is made for each mother. One mother may need insurance to help with prenatal care and delivery costs. Or another may need the benefits of receiving a car seat from the health department. Many of the situations may be different. But this all leads up to the common goal of lengthening the life expectancy of newborns. Some of the important things to do as a mother is to go to every doctor’s appointment to ensure that the vehicle the mother uses is up to safety regulations.

The infant mortality rate is generally higher than that of other age groups because the immature state of infants’ organs causes infants to have a low adaptation level to the external environment. Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been considered a vital index that can be used to measure the health level of a different country or a district; the infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of an infant that was boring early in pregnancy per 1,000 live during birth in a given population. It’s used to compare population health and well-being across different countries. In Tennessee, infant mortality ranked 45, and only five states have high infant death rates. The African American infant death rate was at least 2.5 times the rate for Caucasians. In 2007, 718 babies born in Tennessee died before their due dates.

The under-five mortality rate is the probability of dying between birth and five years of age over a specific period, expressed per 1,000 live births. The infant mortality rate is the probability of dying between birth and one year of age over a specific period, expressed per 1,000 live births. The newborn or neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per 1,000 live births in a given year or period. Perinatal mortality is the number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 live births.

Nearly 2.7 million babies die every year in their first month of life, and a similar number are stillborn. Within the second month, up to one-half of all deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life, and 85% occur in the first week. Prematurity, cervical incompetence, pneumonia, sepsis, complications during labor and delivery, diarrhea, and malaria are leading causes of death for children under 5 years old. Nearly half of all under-five deaths are associated with undernutrition.

This falls in the situation where the mother cannot afford health insurance. PRAMS, or the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a system that the CDC has built to monitor new mothers and give them the resources to lower the chances of harm to their children. The researchers use this data from the pregnancy until the child’s birth. And the data collected is used for preventative measures for other mothers. Also, the CDC monitors SIDS or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. SIDS happens between the ages of birth and a year of age. The facts are not known what causes this death of children. But the CDC monitors that every parent puts their child on its back when laying the child to sleep and also securing the child during all activities.

In conclusion, Infant mortality is a very serious subject. And it deals with innocent lives that cannot help defend themselves.

More than half of these young children would be alive today if they and their mothers had access to simple, affordable interventions to ensure safe childbirth and newborn care, such as prenatal care, vitamins, and affordable ob-gyn.

Women and Children first work successfully to reduce these largely avoidable deaths in some of the poorest communities in developing countries. Society helps to improve the quality and accessibility of care for mothers and their babies, and through women’s groups, to understand their health needs and have the confidence to demand the quality health care that is their right.

The infant mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of one if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.

A live birth is a complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as the beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. Each product of such a birth is considered a live birth.

Two-thirds of children’s deaths are preventable through practical, high prescriptions, and low-cost interventions if these are delivered in an integrated, effective, and, starting with a healthy pregnancy for the mother, through birth and care up to five years of age.

Strengthening health systems is key to increasing survival rates, but this is not enough; women need more medical help and more vitamins. Women, their families, and communities also need education and information to care for themselves, recognize the risks and d; women the care they need, and better understand the important things throughout the pregnancy to have a safe pregnancy.

Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child before the age of one. The number of infant deaths calculates infant mortality rates per 1,000 live births. Over the century, infant mortality has taken a drastic decline. The rates went from 100 in 1915 to 6.9 in 2005 (Schneider, 2011).

FIGURE 1- Infant neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates: United States, 2000 and 2005-2011 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

This figure represents the live birth for neonatal and post-neonatal births in the United States of America. “After significant declines throughout the 20th century, the U.S. infant mortality rate plateaued from 2000 through 2005. In 2005, the infant mortality rate was 6.87 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, not significantly different from the rate of 6.91 in 2000” (Recent Declines of, 2013). As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the

U.S. infant mortality rate declined in great numbers from 2005 to 2006, did not change significantly from 2006 to 2007, and then declined significantly each year from 2007 through 2010 (Recent declines of,2013).

“In 2011, the U.S. infant mortality rate was 6.05 infant deaths per 1,000 live births (based on preliminary data), 12% lower than the rate of 6.87 in 2005, but not significantly lower than

6.15 in 2010. From 2005 through 2011, the neonatal mortality rate (deaths under age 28 days per 1,000 live births) declined by 11%, and the post-neonatal mortality rate (deaths at ages 28 days to under 1 year per 1,000 live births) declined by 14% (Recent declines of 2013).

The following statistical data follows the infant mortality rates among three different races and ethnic backgrounds: Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. It is shown that the numbers of infant deaths drop drastically among specific races and ethnic backgrounds.

Figure 2- United States infant mortality rate percentage change by race and ethnicity Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013

The figure shows that the infant mortality rate dropped by 12% for the total population and non-Hispanic white women from 2005 to 2011. Hispanic women only dropped 6%, leaving non-Hispanic black women with the highest percentage of 16%. “Historically, infant mortality rates for non-Hispanic black women have been more than twice those for non-Hispanic white women, while rates for Hispanic women have been similar to those for non-Hispanic white women” (Recent Declines of, 2013).

“After a plateau from 2000 through 2005, the U.S. infant mortality rate declined by 12% to a rate of 6.05 in 2011. Provisional infant mortality counts for the first half of 2012 suggest a continued downward trend. Infant mortality declined from 2005 through 2011 for all major racial and ethnic groups, with the most rapid decline among non-Hispanic black women. Among leading causes of death, infant mortality declined for four of the five leading causes. Infant mortality rates declined most rapidly from 2005 through 2010 for selected Southern states; still, rates in 2010 remained higher in the South and Midwest than in other regions. In 2008, the United States ranked 27th in infant mortality rate among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, and a previous report linked the United States’ relatively unfavorable infant mortality ranking to its higher percentage of preterm births. Despite the recent infant mortality decline, comparing the 2011 U.S. infant mortality rate with the 2008 international rankings would still have the United States ranked 27th” (Recent Declines of, 2013).

REFERENCES

Infant Mortality Rates Decline, USA. (2013, 04 17). http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/259262.php

Infant Mortality: Progress in Shelby County (2009, 07 1). http://www.shelbycountytn.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/722

Infant Mortality, Low Birth Weight and Racial Disparity. nationalhealthystart.org (2000)

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Question

My completed map is regarding infant mortality rate by state, which is the number of infant deaths under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births based on Hispanic or Latino (blue), Non-Hispanic or Latino (bright green), or Unknown/Not Stated race (yellow) for 2018. As you can see from the chart, the top states with infant deaths are Texas, California, Florida, New York, and Illinois, with Texas (917) and California (906) being the highest number of infant deaths of Hispanics or Latino race and then Florida (1050) and Texas (1150) being highest in several infant deaths of Non-Hispanic or Latino race.

Infant Mortality

From the information shown, there were almost 21,000 total infant deaths in the United States. In researching this information, I discovered that the top five leading causes of infant deaths in 2018 were congenital disabilities, preterm birth, injuries, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and pregnancy complications. This information is important because it helps researchers investigate and consider the variety of complex factors to understand better racial disparities in infant mortality, such as maternal demographics, health, behavior, medical care before, during, and after birth, and home and social environments. Thoughts?

Infant Mortality

Infant Mortality

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