Impact of Globalization on Human Health and Disparities in Healthcare Spending and Infrastructure

Impact of Globalization on Human Health and Disparities in Healthcare Spending and Infrastructure

Globalization has led to a significant evolution of human societies in recent decades. There have been changes in consumption patterns and cultural norms in societies due to globalization. Besides, globalization is associated with trends such as increased traveling worldwide. Increased global travel has significantly impacted people’s health status as a contagious disease can easily spread across the world. How countries handle such diseases depends on how much money they allocate to the healthcare sector. This paper focuses on analyzing the association between globalization and human health.

The health of US citizens has been greatly affected by globalization. There has been an increase in the transport of pathogens into the United States as more people travel. As a result, US citizens have been exposed to infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. In 2020, the US was one of the most affected by COVID-19. More than 3 million US citizens had been affected by the disease by the end of 2020 (Farrell & Newman, 2020). However, globalization has also positively affected US citizens’ health. Modern globalization has been shaped by advances in telecommunications and computing, which have increased the flow of health information. The flow of health information has been instrumental in managing COVID-19 in the US. Web-based services such as Internet hospitals have been critical in managing COVID-19.

Trends such as global travel and medical tourism affect the health status of people across the globe. Increased accessibility to cheap travel makes people from different countries attend sporting events such as football games easily. This has increased the potential for the spread of contagious diseases. Countries are required to restrict mass gatherings whenever there is an outbreak of infection to prevent it from spreading. In 2020, several countries had restrictions on mass gatherings to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Also, multidrug-resistant pathogens have emerged due to global travel and medical tourism. The rapid dissemination of New Delhi Metallo-D-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) to different countries has been due to increased population mobility (Berndtson, 2020). The emergence of resistance to pathogens makes it difficult to eradicate such pathogens. Currently, different COVID-19 strains are not managed in similar ways. The spread of the strains to different countries has led to new disease outbreaks.

There is a big gap in health expenditure between low-income countries in Africa and high-income countries such as the US. The average annual health expenditure per capita in African countries is about $110. Most of the countries in Africa rely on donor funding. In Mozambique and Malawi, donor funding accounts for over 50% of health expenditures (Asante et al., 2020). Compared to the US, healthcare expenditure in African countries is very low. In 2019, US healthcare spending was estimated to be around $3.8 trillion or $11,582 per person (Mafi et al., 2017). This shows the US government invests heavily in the healthcare sector.

The disparities in healthcare spending show that healthcare programs and services in the US are more effective than those in African countries. For instance, the insurance programs in the United States allow better access to healthcare services than those in African countries. Millions of Americans can access healthcare services through the Affordable Care Act (Kennedy et al., 2017). In Africa, less than 50% of people can access healthcare insurance. Most insurance programs available are ineffective, and some people prefer using private insurance programs. Besides, the number and quality of healthcare facilities in Africa are incomparable to the ones in the United States. While over 80% of US citizens can access quality healthcare, less than 50% of Africans can access modern healthcare facilities. The available healthcare facilities in Africa face challenges such as inadequate staff, insufficient medical supply, and poor management. The facilities are easily overwhelmed during an outbreak of a disease. For instance, most of African countries did not have enough Intensive Care Unit (ICU) beds for patients during the COVID-19 outbreak. This led to high mortality rates.

Overall, the health status of people is affected by globalization. Globalization has led to the rapid spread of infections across the world. Increased global travel and medical tourism have enhanced the spread of diseases. It has also led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This has made it difficult to manage diseases caused by such pathogens. The differences in health spending between countries determine the readiness of healthcare facilities to handle disease outbreaks. African countries spend less than the US on healthcare, and their healthcare facilities are easily overwhelmed by disease outbreaks  

References

Asante, A., Wasike, W. S. K., & Ataguba, J. E. (2020). Health Financing in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Analytical Frameworks to Empirical Evaluation. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 18(6), 743–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00618-0

Berndtson, A. E. (2020). Increasing Globalization and the Movement of Antimicrobial Resistance between Countries. Surgical Infections, 21(7), 579–585. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2020.145

Farrell, H., & Newman, A. (2020). Will the Coronavirus End Globalization as We Know It? Foreign Affairs, 1–4. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2020-03-16/will-coronavirus-end-globalization-we-know-it

Kennedy, J., Wood, E. G., & Frieden, L. (2017). Disparities in insurance coverage, health services use, and access following implementation of the Affordable Care Act: A comparison of disabled and nondisabled working-age adults. Inquiry (United States), 54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958017734031

Mafi, J. N., Russell, K., Bortz, B. A., Dachary, M., Hazel, W. A., & Fendrick, A. M. (2017). Low-cost, high-volume health services contribute the most to unnecessary health spending. Health Affairs, 36(10), 1701–1704. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0385

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Culture, Behavior, and Global Health

Assessment 1 Instructions: Preliminary Care Coordination Plan

Develop a 3-4 page preliminary care coordination plan for a selected health care problem. Include physical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for this healthcare problem. Identify and list available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.

NOTE: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.
The first step in any effective project is planning. This assignment provides an opportunity for you to strengthen your understanding of how to plan and negotiate the coordination of care for a particular healthcare problem. Include physical, psychosocial, and cultural considerations for this healthcare problem. Identify and list available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, you are encouraged to complete the Care Coordination Planning activity.
Completion of this will provide useful practice, particularly for those of you who do not have care coordination experience in community settings. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment. Completing formatives is also a way to demonstrate engagement.

Culture, Behavior, and Global Health

Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies
through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:
Competency 1: Adapt care based on patient-centered and person-focused factors.
Analyze a health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.
Competency 2: Collaborate with patients and families to achieve desired outcomes.
Describe specific goals that should be established to address a selected healthcare problem.
Competency 3: Create a satisfying patient experience.
Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
Competency 6: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead patient-centered care.
Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contain few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.
Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA
format.

Preparation
Imagine that you are a staff nurse in a community care center. Your facility has always had a dedicated case management staff that coordinated the patient plan of care, but recently, there were budget cuts and the case management staff has been relocated to the inpatient setting. Care coordination is essential to the success of effectively managing patients in the community setting, so you have been asked by your nurse manager to take on the role of care coordination. You are a bit unsure of the process, but you know you will do a good job because, as a nurse, you are familiar with difficult tasks. As you take on this expanded role, you will need to plan effectively in addressing the specific health concerns of community residents.

To prepare for this assessment, you may wish to:
Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide to ensure that you understand the work you will be asked to complete.
Allow plenty of time to plan your chosen healthcare concern.
Note: Remember that you can submit all, or a portion of, your draft plan to Smarthinking Tutoring for feedback before you submit the final version for this assessment. If you plan on using this free service, be mindful of the turnaround time of 24–48 hours for receiving feedback.

Instructions

Note: You are required to complete this assessment before Assessment 4.
Develop the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan
Complete the following:
Identify a health concern as the focus of your care coordination plan. In your plan, please include physical, psychosocial, and cultural needs. Possible health concerns may include, but are not limited to:

• Stroke.
• Heart disease (high blood pressure, stroke, or heart failure).
• Home safety.
• Pulmonary disease (COPD or fibrotic lung disease).
• Orthopedic concerns (hip replacement or knee replacement).
• Cognitive impairment (Alzheimer’s disease or dementia).
• Pain management.
• Mental health.
• Trauma.

Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
Document Format and Length
Your preliminary plan should be an APA scholarly paper, 3–4 pages in length.
Remember to use active voice, which means being direct and writing concisely; as opposed to passive voice, which means writing with a tendency to wordiness.
In your paper include possible community resources that can be used.
Be sure to review the scoring guide to make sure all criteria are addressed in your paper.
Study the subtle differences between basic, proficient, and distinguished.

Supporting Evidence
Cite at least two credible sources from peer-reviewed journals or professional industry publications that support your preliminary plan.
Grading Requirements
The requirements, outlined below, correspond to the grading criteria in the Preliminary Care Coordination Plan
Scoring Guide, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.

• Analyze your selected health concern and the associated best practices for health improvement.
• Cite supporting evidence for best practices.
• Consider underlying assumptions and points of uncertainty in your analysis.
• Describe specific goals that should be established to address the healthcare problem.
• Identify available community resources for a safe and effective continuum of care.
• Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions; contain few errors in grammar/punctuation, word choice, and spelling.
• Apply APA formatting to in-text citations and references, exhibiting nearly flawless adherence to APA format.
• Write with a specific purpose with your patient in mind.
• Adhere to scholarly and disciplinary writing standards and current APA formatting requirements.

Additional Requirements
Before submitting your assessment, proofread your preliminary care coordination plan and community resources list to minimize errors that could distract readers and make it more difficult for them to focus on the substance of your plan. Be sure to submit both documents.

Portfolio Prompt: Save your presentation to your ePortfolio.

SCORING GUIDE
Use the scoring guide to understand how your assessment will be evaluated.