Immune Response after Covid 19 Infection |

Immune Response after Covid 19 Infection

Covid 19 is novel disease caused by SARS-Cov-2, a new beta coronavirus. A rapid immune response is seen upon infection with the virus. The clinical course of the disease is rapid, indicating that infection control in Covid 19 is due to an innate immune response. Following infection with the virus, long-term protection is achieved via an adaptive immune response, which kicks in 2-3 weeks after infection. The rapid innate antiviral response has humoral and cellular components, some of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease (Abbasi, 2021). Coagulation and fibrinolysis systems, naturally occurring antibodies, chemokines, interferons, and glycan-recognizing cell surface proteins are some of the humoral components activated in the innate immune response. Natural killer cells and lymphocytes are cellular components activated.

Adaptive immune response to the virus primarily comprises memory T cells and memory B cells. Memory T cells function to kill the cells that are infected with the virus as well as to aid antibody production. Memory B cells, on the other hand, function to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus and the cells infected with the virus (Boechat et al., 2021). IgM and IgG antibodies are often detected in the serum upon infection. IgM antibodies are often detected before IgG antibodies and peak within a few weeks before declining after the onset of symptoms.

Protective immunity attributable to adaptive response wanes over time. Serum levels of memory B cells, memory T cells, and circulating virus-specific antibodies decrease over 2-3 months. A decrease in antibodies observed over time is an indication of immune response contraction rather than waning immunity (Abbasi, 2021). Concentrations of memory T cells, memory B cells and circulating antibodies are slightly lower in individuals who had an asymptomatic disease and in those who had minor symptomatic presentations.

References

Abbasi, J. (2021). Study Suggests Lasting Immunity After COVID-19, With a Big Boost From Vaccination. JAMA, 326(5), 376. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.11717

Boechat, J., Chora, I., Morais, A., & Delgado, L. (2021). The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology – Current perspectives. Pulmonology, 27(5), 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/

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