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Nursing

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

PMHNPs are healthcare providers who focus on professional development (APRNs). PMHNPs are graduate-level professionals specializing in diagnosing and treating patients with chronic mental illnesses, administering medications, and providing psychotherapy. PMHNP services improve the accessibility and affordability of social and mental health care. In 1955, Rutgers University established the first master’s level occupational therapy program in the United States. Psychiatric mental health clinical nurse specialists were the first nursing professionals on an interdisciplinary team to assess psychiatric patients (PMHCNS). Nurse practitioner (NP) positions arose in various specializations in the 1970s. Nonetheless, the role of PMHCNSs in psychiatric nursing grew slowly because, aside from medication prescribing, they already performed nearly all of the functions of NPs.

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A slew of registered nurse organizations sprouted up in the 1980s (Klees & Steven J., 2020). The decision of whether to keep the PMHCNS, PMHNP, or both became a significant point of contention. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) LACE paper explains APRN education, practice, and regulatory requirements (Knestrick et al., 2020). After the LACE document was accepted, the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) discontinued the PMHCNS exam at the end of 2014. However, PMHCNS can continue to recertify. With a psychiatrist shortage and increased demand for mental health services, PMHNPs can fill the gap. PMHNPs will fill a 69 per cent increase in the workforce in the United States by 2025. (Niebruegge et al., 2019).

At first, glance, identifying a mental illness appears quite simple: Patients present with symptoms or visible signs of illness; doctors make diagnoses based on these diagnostic criteria, administering medicine, psychotherapy, or both as needed. Despite a significant increase in knowledge about mental diseases over the last half-century, a basic understanding of their components and processes remains. The paper presents the histories and characteristics of three systems that each serve a different purpose in understanding and categorizing mental illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the same United States Department of Diseases are two major diagnostic manuals that provide theoretical frameworks related to public health, psychiatric signs, service provision, and specific research applications, with the former primarily for use in the United States. The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria, on the other hand, presents a framework that prioritizes integrating basic behavioural and neuroscience research to understand mental illness better.

Researchers look at three key issues that complicate explaining and classifying mental illness: aetiology, which includes the multiple causes of mental illness; whether another applicable natural phenomenon is discrete categories or measurements; thresholds, which define the boundaries between abnormality and non-disorder; and dissociative disorders, which refer to the fact that people with mental illness frequently meet diagnostic criteria. We examine how the three systems’ approaches to these critical concerns correspond or diverge due to their disparate histories, goals, and constituents. Although the systems differ in terms of overlap and distinguishing features, they all seek to reduce the burden of mental illness.

The review focuses on the role of social variables in the emergence of disorder as an epidemiological factor. The research’s underlying assumption is that social influences in general, and traumas in particular, may play a significant role in disorder formation. Nonetheless, according to the research, most people experiencing psychological distress, stress, or depression do not suffer from severe psychological deficits. As a result, research has shifted in the last decade to social support and coping methods that may aid in stress management.

The paper examined some of the most recent empirical findings from stress, support, and coping studies. The paper discussed how these new findings had influenced long-standing attempts to explain differences in emotional functioning among groups. Each section of the review attempted to describe known data, provide some literature appraisal, and make recommendations for future research. It is critical to note that the authors of the work discussed here do not all share the same research objectives. Some are primarily interested in identifying the psychological determinants of a specific clinical condition. Others are more concerned with the long-term effects of a particular stressor. Others are interested in the mechanisms linking stress to health across various stressors and health outcomes.

Given these disparate interests, it is not surprising that our understanding of social aspects of psychopathology is uneven. There is reason to believe, however, that these disparate lines of inquiry are beginning to coalesce around a shared understanding of the stress response and a joint research approach. Although the concept is in its early stages, its outlines are detailed enough to be described. The notion that stress initiates a process of adaptation is central to it. It recognizes that this process takes time and is influenced by structural variables, personal dispositions, and weaknesses. The need for longitudinal approaches to studying this process is becoming more apparent.

Furthermore, it has become clear that randomized manipulations are needed to untangle this mechanism’s components that connect tension and wellness. It is too soon to tell whether this nascent unity will result in integrative behavioral learning. It is almost inevitable, however, that it will increase conceptual and practical rigor and make reproducing and combining discoveries easier.

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References

Klees, S. J. (2020). Beyond neoliberalism: Reflections on capitalism and education. Policy Futures in Education, 18(1), 9–29. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1478210317715814

Knestrick, J. M., & Russell, N. G. (2020). Advanced Practice Nursing in the United States. In Advanced Practice Nursing Leadership: A Global Perspective (pp. 155–163). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-20550-8_13

Niebruegge, B., Holbrook, J. M., Vernon, C., Grotton, C., & Maric, A. (2019). The future of population medicine: Investigating the role of advanced practice providers and simulation education in special patient populations. Disease-a-Month, 65(7), 221–244. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001150291830124X

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Question 

n many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. Infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviours. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that many interacting factors cause psychopathology. The neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences have made theoretical and clinical contributions to the field. How do these factors impact psychopathology’s expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence, and why might a nurse practitioner take a multidimensional, integrative approach?