Exploring Qualitative Research Methodologies – Grounded Theory, Phenomenology, Critical Theories, and Participative Action Research

Exploring Qualitative Research Methodologies – Grounded Theory, Phenomenology, Critical Theories, and Participative Action Research

Grounded Theory vs. Constructivist Grounded Theory

Grounded theory, developed by Glaser and Strauss, aims to generate theories grounded in data systematically collected and analyzed. It stresses the discovery of patterns and social processes through comparative analysis and coding (Makri & Neely, 2021). Participant selection is typically theoretical, driven by emerging concepts. Data collection involves in-depth interviews and observations. The analysis includes constant comparison to refine categories and build theory. Findings are disseminated through detailed descriptions and conceptual frameworks. Constructivist Grounded Theory, proposed by Charmaz, shifts towards a constructivist epistemology, acknowledging the researcher’s influence on the research process (Charmaz, 2020). It stresses co-construction of meaning between the researcher and participants. Additionally, it advocates for flexible guidelines rather than strict procedures. Data collection and analysis are iterative, focusing on participants’ perspectives and contextual understanding. Findings highlight the subjective nature of social realities, aiming to provide a deep understanding. Both methodologies seek to develop theory but differ in epistemological stances and researcher roles.

Descriptive Phenomenology vs. Interpretive Phenomenology

Descriptive Phenomenology, founded by Husserl, seeks to describe experiences as individuals perceive them. It stresses the essence of phenomena through bracketing, where researchers set aside their preconceptions (Pilarska, 2021). Participant selection is intentional, targeting only those who have experienced the phenomenon. Data collection involves in-depth interviews, aiming for rich, comprehensive descriptions. The analysis identifies universal essences by systematically breaking down and categorizing the data. In contrast, Interpretive Phenomenology, rooted in Heidegger’s philosophy, emphasizes understanding the meanings embedded in lived experiences. It acknowledges the influence of historical and cultural contexts. It rejects bracketing, considering researcher and participant interpretations intertwined (Dodgson, 2023). Participant selection remains intentional. However, data collection and analysis are interpretative, seeking deeper insights into participants’ experiences. Interpretive phenomenology aims to uncover the existential aspects of human experience. It provides a more contextually rich understanding compared to the descriptive approach’s focus on pure essence.

Applying Critical Social and Feminist Theories

Critical Social Theory and Feminist Theory can be applied to various research methodologies. They can address power dynamics, social inequalities, and the experiences of marginalized groups. Critical Social Theory aims to critique and transform societal structures by analyzing power relations and social injustices. It emphasizes emancipatory knowledge, often involving participatory methods to give voice to oppressed communities (Gouthro, 2022). Feminist Theory focuses on gender inequalities and the lived experiences of women. It advocates for research that shows women’s perspectives and challenges patriarchal norms (Wrisley, 2023). Both theories inform the choice of methodology by emphasizing reflexivity, ethical considerations, and the co-creation of knowledge with participants. The purpose of using these theories is to perform socially relevant research. Research that not only advances academic understanding but also promotes social change and equity.

Participative Action Research

Participative Action Research (PAR) is a collaborative research methodology. It actively involves participants in the research process to address issues directly affecting their lives. It emphasizes the co-creation of knowledge, where researchers and participants work together in designing, implementing, and analyzing the study (Fine et al., 2021). Participant selection is often community-based, involving those interested in the outcomes. Data collection methods are diverse. They include interviews, focus groups, and community meetings. This facilitates inclusive participation. The analysis is iterative and reflective. There are continuous feedback loops between researchers and participants. The findings are disseminated through community forums, reports, and actionable plans that can create social change. The primary purpose of PAR is to empower communities, promote social justice, and implement sustainable solutions. It ensures that research outcomes are directly relevant and beneficial to the participants.

References

Charmaz, K. (2020). “With constructivist grounded theory you can’t hide”: Social justice research and critical inquiry in the public sphere. Qualitative inquiry, 26(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800419879081

Dodgson, J. E. (2023). Phenomenology: Researching the Lived Experience. Journal of Human Lactation, 39(3), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344231176453

Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Oswald, A. G., & Avery, S. (2021). Critical participatory action research: Methods and praxis for intersectional knowledge production. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(3), 344. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou0000445

Gouthro, P. A. (2022). Lifelong learning in a globalized world: The need for critical social theory in adult and lifelong education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 41(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2022.2033863

Makri, C., & Neely, A. (2021). Grounded theory: A guide for exploratory studies in management research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 16094069211013654. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211013654

Pilarska, J. (2021). The constructivist paradigm and phenomenological qualitative research design. Research paradigm considerations for emerging scholars, 64-83. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845418281-008

Wrisley, S. P. (2023). Feminist theory and the problem of misogyny. Feminist Theory, 24(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001211039365

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POST CAN NOT BE OVER 600 WORDS!

Be sure to answer all 4 of the following questions. You will respond to one of your classmates.

Please answer the following questions. Please address the purpose of each methodology, participant selection, data collection & analysis, and dissemination of findings.

Exploring Qualitative Research Methodologies – Grounded Theory, Phenomenology, Critical Theories, and Participative Action Research

1. Compare/contrast the Grounded Theory methodology developed by Glaser & Strauss to the Constructivist Grounded Theory proposed by Charmaz.

2. Compare Descriptive Phenomenology (Husserl) to Interpretive Phenomenology (Heidegger).

3. Explain how Critical Social Theory and Feminist Theory may be applied to various methodologies and explain the purpose of using either/both of these theories.

4. What is Participative Active Research?

Please do not rely solely on your textbook to answer these questions. You must refer to the readings in your LibGuide and possibly other extant readings to substantiate your responses. Please limit your initial post to no more than 600 words.

LibGuide resources for the assignment are attached in files.

course textbook is Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer.

use as many sources as needed.