Evidence-Based Project-Critical Appraisal of Research

Evidence-Based Project-Critical Appraisal of Research

Full APA formatted citation of the selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
	Jarrar, M., Rahman, H. A., Minai, M. S., Abumadini, M. S., & Larbi, M. (2018). The Function of Patient‐Centered Care in Mitigating the Effect of Nursing Shortage on the Outcomes of Care. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(2), e464–e473. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2491	Saikia, D. (2018). Nursing Shortages in the Rural Public Health Sector of India. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 26(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv26n2.008	Tamata, A. T., Mohammadnezhad, M., & Tamani, L. (2021). Registered Nurses’ Perceptions on the Factors Affecting Nursing Shortage in the Republic of Vanuatu Hospitals: A Qualitative Study. PLoS ONE, 16(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251890	Yahya Muabbar, H., & Zayyan Alsharqi, O. (2020). The Impact of Short-Term Solutions of Nursing Shortage on Nursing Outcome, Nurse Perceived Quality of Care, and Patient Safety. American Journal of Nursing Research, 9(2), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajnr-9-2-1
Evidence Level * (I, II, or III)	Level III	Level III	Level III	Level III
Conceptual Framework   Describe the theoretical basis for the study (If no one is mentioned in the article, say that here).**	Patient-centeredness influences the staffing patterns of hospitals; hence, it can predict nursing shortages. Patient-centeredness involves providing essential information related to the treatment, nutrition, and potential side effects of drugs.	The nursing shortage has negative impacts on the rural population of India. Numerous measures have been put up to help mitigate the nursing shortage problem.	Nursing shortage increases staff workload and decreases their performance.	Saudi Arabia experiences a significant nurse shortage, necessitating the implementation of overtime and floating policies.
Design/Method   Describe the design and how the study was carried out (In detail, including inclusion/exclusion criteria).	Descriptive cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to solicit information from the participants. A stratified simple sampling strategy was used to classify the hospitals. Inclusion criteria involved hospitals certified by the Association of Private Hospitals of Malaysia.	The design of the research study involves a descriptive analysis of existing publications. The inclusion criteria were articles published since 2005. Government publications, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank were analyzed.	The design was a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews. Inclusion criteria involved registered nurses who had worked for at least six months in Vanuatu. Exclusion criteria comprised non-consenting individuals.	The design of the research study is cross-sectional. Inclusion criteria involved outpatient and inpatient nurses with at least one year of working experience.
Sample/Setting   The number and characteristics of patients, attrition rate, etc.	The study setting is in Malaysia. The study population comprises nurses working in private hospitals’ medical and surgical wards. All private hospitals approved by the relevant association were selected as the sample.	The sampling method involved publications made by the Indian government and those made by the WHO and the World Bank.		The setting is King Abdulla Medical City, Saudi Arabia. The samples involved nurses with at least one year of work experience at the facility.
Major Variables Studied   List and define dependent and independent variables	The dependent variable of the study reduces the effect of the nursing shortage. Additionally, this is the effect and can not be manipulated. The independent variable is patient-centeredness, which describes the cause and can be used.	Independent variables included facilities without nurses, percentages of unoccupied nursing vacancies, and the number of unadvertised vacant positions. These variables seek to identify the cause and can be manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable is the extent of the nursing shortage. This variable is measured as an outcome or effect and cannot be manipulated.	The dependent variable was the nursing shortage. This variable is measured as an outcome or effect and cannot be manipulated. The independent variables include increased workload, diminished workforce, and long work hours. These variables seek to identify the cause and can be manipulated by the researcher.	Independent variables include salary, workload, and career advancement. These variables seek to identify the cause and can be manipulated by the researcher.   On the other hand, the dependent variable included the nursing outcome. This variable is measured as an outcome or effect and cannot be manipulated.
Measurement   Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions (You need to list the actual tests done).	A questionnaire was used to collect data. Accordingly, 1055 nurses consented to be participants. Additionally, 807 questionnaires were administered, and only 652 were analyzed.	An analysis of the population census and sample surveys was used. Surveys on the state of employment were also used.	An open-ended questionnaire was used to structure the questions asked in the interviews. Subsequently, 25 interviews were conducted.	A questionnaire was used to collect data. Accordingly, 834 questionnaires were administered, while 337 were returned.
Data Analysis Statistical or Qualitative findings   (You must enter the actual numbers determined by the statistical tests or qualitative data).	The findings were expressed as percentages and whole numbers. Furthermore, regression analyses were used. Analyses demonstrated that nurses caring for 11 to 15 patients (95% CI = −0.23 to −0.05) and for more than 15 patients (95% CI = −0.23 to −0.06) do not straddle zero (compared with those caring for fewer than five patients), indicating that patient‐centeredness contributes to the effect of the dummy variables.	Nurses and midwives have almost doubled from 2005 to 2016, from 1.48 million to 2.78 million. The rural public sector lacks sufficient nurses. The nursing shortage in India is caused by increased demand for nurses rather than supply.	100% of reported hard working conditions as an impact of nursing shortage. 60 % lack of support, especially during annual leave. 16 % said that a high nurse-to-patient ratio is a challenge. Lack of support from management and lack of development opportunities were reported by 52% and 100% of respondents, respectively. 80% and 24% of respondents had experienced stress and physical burnout, respectively.	37.4% of participants reported poor pay as the main reason for quitting, 35% reported workload, and 25.8% spent more time with family. Additionally, 18.4, 13.1, and 12.8 percent said career advancement, burnout, and physical demands.
Findings and Recommendations   General findings and recommendations of the research	Patient-centeredness facilitates the aversion to negative implications of nursing shortage on patient outcomes. Recommendation: an adequate nursing staff policy should be upheld. Patient-centeredness should be practiced in healthcare facilities.	The public rural health sector faces an acute nursing shortage.       Recommendation: Proper planning of healthcare personnel should be done.	Difficult working conditions and other reinforcing factors are perceived as effects of the nursing shortage.   Recommendation: Formulate policies that ensure the nursing workforce caters to increased demand.	Most nurses were dissatisfied with their jobs. The main reasons for quitting were poor salary and workload. Recommendation: the country needs to train more native nurses and offer scholarships.
Appraisal and Study Quality     Describe the general worth of this research to practice.   What are the strengths and limitations of the study?   What risks are associated with implementing the suggested practices or processes detailed in the research?   What is the feasibility of use in your practice?	This research article is relevant to nursing practice. Its findings indicate that patient-centeredness affects staffing in hospitals.   The study targeted a large sample population, increasing the chances of reproducibility. Limitation: The use of questionnaires is subject to bias.   There are no risks associated with the implementation of the recommendations.           Patient-centeredness can be implemented in my nursing practice.	This article is relevant because it analyzes government publications and those of WHO.     The study conducted a thorough analysis of information, increasing the accuracy of information.     No risks are anticipated when implementing the recommendations.         The recommendation can be used in my nursing practice.	The article is relevant to nursing practice. It provides the views of nurses about the problem of nursing shortage.     The target population was selected randomly. Consequently, this eliminates the risk of bias and ensures that reliable feedback is obtained.       No risks are anticipated when implementing the recommendations.               The recommendation can be used in my nursing practice.	The article identified the impact of poor pay in causing quitting, hence the shortage.     Limitation: The use of questionnaires is subject to bias. The study targeted a large sample population, increasing the chances of reproducibility. No risks are anticipated when implementing the recommendations.               The recommendation can be used in my nursing practice.
Key findings	Patient-centeredness facilitates the aversion to negative implications of nursing shortage on patient outcomes.	The nursing shortage remains a problem in rural areas of India.	The perception of nurses includes increased workload, diminished workforce, and prolonged working hours.	Increased overtime and floating decrease the intention to leave the job
Outcomes	It facilitated policy formulation for various stakeholders to curb the nursing shortage problem.	The outcome of the study involves the identification of the state of the nursing shortage and the basis for recommendations to be implemented by relevant authorities.	The study facilitated policy formulation for various stakeholders to curb the nursing shortage problem.	This study facilitated policy formulation for various stakeholders to curb the nursing shortage problem.
General Notes/Comments	This research article is relevant to nursing practice because it links patient-centeredness and nursing staffing. Implementation of its recommendation is beneficial to the healthcare system.	This research article has enabled the Indian government to identify the extent of the nursing shortage. Accordingly, this is specific to the rural public healthcare sector. It will enable the government to curb the nurse scarcity problem.	Identifying nurses’ perceptions about the effects of the nursing shortage is necessary. Furthermore, techniques to mitigate such products can be developed by identifying how these shortages affect them.	The article facilitated an in-depth understanding of overtime’s importance and applicability to job satisfaction. Job satisfaction reduces the probability of quitting. Therefore, this has a positive impact on staffing.

*These levels are from the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Evidence Level and Quality Guide

• Level I

Experimental, randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic review RTCs with or without meta-analysis

• Level II

Quasi-experimental studies, systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis

• Level III

A nonexperimental, systematic review of RCTs, quasi-experimental with/without meta-analysis, qualitative, qualitative systematic review with/without meta-synthesis

• Level IV

Respected authorities’ opinions, nationally recognized expert committee/consensus panel reports based on scientific evidence.

• Level V

Literature reviews, quality improvement, program evaluation, financial evaluation, case reports, nationally recognized expert(s) opinion based on experiential evidence

**Note on Conceptual Framework

• The following information is from Walden academic guides, which help explain conceptual frameworks and why they are used in research. Here is the link https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework
• Researchers create theoretical and conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design their work. A formal theory provides context for the outcome of the events conducted in the research. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework.
• Grant and Osanloo (2014) state that “Without a theoretical framework, the structure and vision for a study is unclear, much like a house that cannot be constructed without a blueprint. By contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an organized flow from one chapter to the next.”
• Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards and procedures. They also explain why the study is pertinent and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.
• Literature does not always clearly delineate between a theoretical or conceptual framework. With that being said, there are slight differences between the two.

References

The Johns Hopkins Hospital/Johns Hopkins University (n.d.). Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice: Appendix C: evidence level and quality guide. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/evidence-based-practice/_docs/appendix_c_evidence_level_quality_guide.pdf

Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your” House.” Administrative Issues Journal: Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26.

Walden University Academic Guides (n.d.). Conceptual & theoretical frameworks overview. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework

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Assignment: Evidence-Based Project, Part 3: Critical Appraisal of Research
Realtors rely on detailed property appraisals using appraisal tools to assign market values to houses and other properties. These values are then presented to buyers and sellers to set prices and initiate offers.

Research appraisal is not that different. The critical appraisal process utilizes formal appraisal tools to assess research results and determine value to the context. Evidence-based practitioners often present these findings to make the case for specific courses of action.

In this Assignment, you will use an appraisal tool to appraise published research critically. You will then present the results of your efforts.

To Prepare:

Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you selected in Module 2 and the four systematic reviews (or other filtered high-level evidence) you selected in Module 3.
Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you selected in Module 2 and analyzed in Module 3.
Review and download the Critical Appraisal Tool Worksheet Template provided in the Resources.
The Assignment (Evidence-Based Project)

Part 3A: Critical Appraisal of Research

Conduct a critical appraisal of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected by completing the Evaluation Table within the Critical Appraisal Tool Worksheet Template. Choose four peer-reviewed papers that you selected related to your clinical topic of interest in Module 2 and Module 3.

Note: You can choose any combination of articles from Modules 2 and 3 for your Critical Appraisal. For example, you may select two unfiltered research articles from Module 2 and two filtered research articles (systematic reviews) from Module 3 or one from Module 2 and three from Module 3. You can choose any combination of reports from the prior Module Assignments if both modules and types of studies are represented.

Part 3B: Critical Appraisal of Research

Based on your appraisal, in a 1-2-page critical appraisal, suggest a best practice that emerges from the research you reviewed. Briefly explain the best approach, justifying your proposal with APA citations of the study.