Discussion Response – Tuberculosis (TB)

Discussion Response – Tuberculosis (TB)

Responding to student one

Hello,

Thank you for your post. The comprehensive analysis of Tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries you presented highlights the complex web of socioeconomic and health-related factors that contribute to its high incidence. The interplay between poverty, overcrowded living conditions, limited healthcare access, and the accompanying high rates of HIV co-infection shows the multifaceted nature of the challenge. This narrative effectively stresses the urgent need for a holistic strategy. Strengthening healthcare systems, particularly regarding infrastructure and workforce capabilities, is rightly identified as a critical component (Khorram-Manesh et al., 2023). It emphasizes the importance of early detection and management. The emphasis on public health education is commendable, as raising awareness is essential in mitigating the spread of the disease and reducing stigma. The call for worldwide funding and research to develop more effective diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments reflects a forward-thinking approach. Ultimately, this comprehensive strategy, spanning prevention and intervention, is crucial for addressing the glaring disparity in TB prevalence between developing and developed countries. It is also essential for achieving the ambitious goal of eradicating TB as a global public health threat.

References

Amir Khorram‐Manesh, Krzysztof Goniewicz, & Burkle, F. M. (2024). Unleashing the Global Potential of Public Health: A Framework for Future Pandemic Response. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 17(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.038

Responding to student 2

Hello,

This is a great post. Your historical perspective on Tuberculosis (TB) highlights its prominence as a leading cause of death in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It serves as a crucial backdrop to the subsequent developments in TB control. The isolation and sanatorium-based approach stress the severity of the issue during that period. The narrative effectively traces the advancements in TB management. From the development of vaccines that curtailed their spread in the early 1900s to the unintentional consequences of antibiotic overuse leading to multidrug-resistant strains. The intersection of MDR-TB and HIV diagnosis in regions with inadequate healthcare systems and high HIV rates is a reminder of the ongoing challenges. The discussion of prevention, control, and treatment, along with mentioning the World Health Organization’s STOP TB strategy, provides a contemporary context. While acknowledging the progress, it prompts contemplation on the sustainability and adaptability of current strategies in addressing the evolving landscape of TB and its global impact.

References

van Doren, T. P. (2022). Biocultural perspectives of infectious diseases and demographic evolution: Tuberculosis and its comorbidities through history. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21970

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INSTRUCTIONS: Responses should be at least 100 words or more. Prompt discussion, do not make a simple comment, such as “good work!” There will be no credit for such responses that end rather than foster discussion. Address fellow students with respect and acceptance that there may be a variety of personal views.

Discussion Response – Tuberculosis (TB)

Student 1. Tuberculosis (TB), more prevalent in developing countries, presents a global public health challenge influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic and health-related factors. The high incidence in these regions can be primarily attributed to poverty, which exacerbates conditions conducive to the spread of TB, such as overcrowded and poorly ventilated living spaces, and limits access to adequate healthcare (Raviglione et al.; G., 2016). This situation is further compounded by the high rates of HIV co-infection in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. HIV compromises the immune system, significantly increasing the vulnerability to TB, a dynamic that has been a focal point of numerous public health studies (World Health Organization, 2020). Additionally, the healthcare infrastructure in these regions is often under-resourced and overburdened, hindering effective TB control and management, a concern echoed by Marais J. et al. (2013) in their comprehensive analysis of TB comorbidities. These socioeconomic conditions and healthcare limitations significantly impact the occurrence and management of TB in developing countries. Addressing this global health issue necessitates a multifaceted strategy. Critical components of this strategy include strengthening healthcare systems, particularly in terms of infrastructure and workforce capabilities, to enhance TB detection, treatment, and management. Integral to this is implementing robust, integrated disease surveillance systems, vital for early TB cases and monitoring ongoing control programs (Raviglione et al.; G., 2016).

Public health education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about TB transmission, symptoms, and the importance of early treatment, which can mitigate the spread of the disease and reduce associated stigma. Moreover, global funding and research are imperative to develop more effective diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Such efforts are essential not only for controlling the current TB burden but also for addressing the emerging challenges in TB management, including the rise of multi-drug-resistant TB strains (Global Fund, 2022). Collectively, these efforts, encompassing both prevention and intervention, are vital for addressing the disparity in TB prevalence between developing and developed countries and for the eventual eradication of TB as a public health threat.

References:

Kerouedan, D. (2022). The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Five-year Evaluation Policy Challenges. Field Actions Science Reports.

Marais, B. J., Lönnroth, K., Lawn, S. D., Migliori, G. B., Mwaba, P., Glaziou, P., Bates, M., Colagiuri, R., Zijenah, L., Swaminathan, S., Memish, Z. A., Pletschette, M., Hoelscher, M., Abubakar, I., Hasan, R., Zafar, A., Pantaleo, G., Craig, G., Kim, P., … Zumla, A. (2013). Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(5), 436–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70015-X

Mirzayev, F., Viney, K., Linh, N. N., Gonzalez-Angulo, L., Gegia, M., Jaramillo, E., Zignol, M., & Kasaeva, T. (2021). World Health Organization recommendations on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2020 update. The European Respiratory Journal, 57(6), 2003300-. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03300-2020

Raviglione, M., & Sulis, G. (2016). Tuberculosis 2015: Burden, Challenges and Strategy for Control and Elimination. Infectious Disease Reports, 8(2), 6570-. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2016.6570

Student 2. uberculosis was one of the leading causes of death in the United States, Europe, and many other countries throughout the 19th century and the early 20th century. Those infected with tuberculosis were isolated from society and placed in sanatoriums to prevent diss mentions of the disease ( Harris.p.673.2013). There has been significant development with vaccines that helped stop the spread of TB in the early 1900s by Selman Waksman, who invented the discovery of streptomycin in several other antibiotics in 1952. Because of the overuse of this antibiotic, there has been the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Also known as MDR -TB combined with the diagnosis of HIV, which has become a global public health emergency in many regions of the world ( Harris.p.674.2013). The part of new TB strain is prevalent in 3rd world countries where the health care system is inadequate and the HIV rates are high. All these risk factors significantly impact these underlying countries without sustainable healthcare.

Prevention, control, and treatment of tuberculosis involve primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. At the same time, no vaccine is available that provides reliable protection for adults, using the BCG offers a way better outcome for children and is used worldwide ( Harris.p.682.2013). Most recently, the World Health Organization has applied a STOP TB strategy for its member nations. With this new plan, the objective will hopefully reduce the global outbreak of TB.

Reference

Harris, R. E. (2012). Epidemiology of Chronic Disease. Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781449650650