Discussion – Mental illness and Substance Use Disorders

Discussion – Mental illness and Substance Use Disorders

DB 2.1: Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5 in “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders”

DSM-5 introduced significant changes in the chapter titled “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders”; the criteria for the diagnosis of substance use disorders are less specific and more encompassing. Substance abuse and substance dependence from the DSM-IV were merged into a single disorder: Substance Use Disorder (SUD) (Livne et al., 2021). This new category is self-reported and categorical and ranges from mild to severe. Another essential change was the introduction of a criterion for craving, which is an essential feature of addiction. However, the DSM-5 removed the criterion that points to legal problems as they are not deemed very important for this diagnosis, as Newson et al. (2021) pointed out. Moreover, the inclusion of ‘Gambling Disorder’ in this chapter was a leap toward recognizing Behavioral Addictions as part of the spectrum of addictive disorders. These changes are intended to address changes in the field regarding the characteristics of the disorder or to improve the reliability and validity of diagnostic categories.

DB 2.2: Link between Substance Use, Anxiety, and Depression

The following are possible reasons that explain why anxiety and depression may co-occur with SUD since they are related conditions. The self-medication theory holds the notion that individuals use substances to alleviate signs of anxiety and depression (Hawn et al., 2020). Also, there are shared neural substrates, such as abnormalities in the neurobiological reward system, that are related to the development of these disorders. It is also important to note that substance use disorders and mood disorders have genetic predispositions, and environmental predispositions like stress raise the risk. Following the works of Schiele and colleagues (2020), it is possible to use the stress-vulnerability model, which implies that the person may have some predispositions that cause co-occurring disorders due to stress. This model utilizes the dual diagnosis model, which encompasses mental health disorders and substances during the treatment. That is why the presence of these factors proves that treatment of co-occurring disorders is a complex process and requires a holistic approach to these conditions.

DB 2.3: Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders in Connecticut

In Connecticut, several reasons regularly tend toward a high prevalence of dual diagnosis, a state where the patient has mental disorders and substance use disorders. For instance, poverty and unemployment precipitate chronic stress, and the chances of using the substance are higher (Knifton & Inglis, 2020). In Hartford and New Haven, stress levels are high, and this contributes to poor mental health, and as a way of coping with this, the use of substances. Additionally, restricted access to mental health and substance use treatment means that if a person has both disorders, treatment is separate, and both cannot be engaged simultaneously (Yule & Kelly, 2019). These problems can only be solved by putting in place policies that seek to eradicate such economic disparity, encourage stress-free community activities, and provide quality mental health as well as substance use disorder treatment services.

References

Hawn, S. E., Cusack, S. E., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). A systematic review of the self‐medication hypothesis in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid problematic alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22521

Knifton, L., & Inglis, G. (2020). Poverty and mental health: policy, practice and research implications. BJPsych Bulletin, 44(5), 193–196. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7525587/

Livne, O., Shmulewitz, D., Stohl, M., Mannes, Z., Aharonovich, E., & Hasin, D. (2021). Agreement Between DSM-5 And DSM-IV Measures of Substance Use Disorders In a Sample of Adult Substance Users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 227(21), 108958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108958

Newson, J. J., Pastukh, V., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2021). Poor Separation of Clinical Symptom Profiles by DSM-5 Disorder Criteria. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(775762). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.775762

Schiele, M. A., Herzog, K., Kollert, L., Schartner, C., Leehr, E. J., Böhnlein, J., Repple, J., Rosenkranz, K., Lonsdorf, T. B., Dannlowski, U., Zwanzger, P., Reif, A., Pauli, P., Deckert, J., & Domschke, K. (2020). Extending the vulnerability–stress model of mental disorders: three-dimensional NPSR1 × environment × coping interaction study in anxiety. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.73

Yule, A., & Kelly, J. (2019). Integrating Treatment for Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.07

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DB 2.1
In thinking about the change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, please summarize what changes took place in the chapter on “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.” How have the diagnostic criteria changed from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5? Please share in detail these differences, and you can use your own scholarly research, and also view the information below to help with your contributions.
Read the article: Overview of DSM 5 Overview of DSM 5 – Alternative Formats

Mental illness and Substance Use Disorders

NOTE: You must make at least 1 substantial posting and 2 substantial replies to this thread. You must participate in the Unit discussion board (making postings/replies) at least 3 days per unit to qualify for full credit,it and also have at least 1 posting by Wednesday at midnight. You also must use APA style in your posting and replied,s so please use in-text references and provide a reference to give proper credit to the authors.
DB 2.2
Co-Occurring Disorders most commonly include a Substance Use Disorder diagnosis in addition to either an Anxiety or Mood-related disorder. From reviewing the article in addition to the other materials for the class, why do you think that anxiety and depression are commonly linked to substance use? In cases such as this, what etiological theory could be the contributing factor in your opinion after reviewing all the choices?
Review this website on co-occurring disorders from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health
NOTE: You must make at least 1 substantial posting and 2 substantial replies to this thread. You must participate in the Unit discussion board (making postings/replies) at least 3 days per unit to qualify for full credit, and also have at least 1 posting by Wednesday at midnight. You also must use APA style in your posting and replies, so please use in-text references and provide a reference to give proper credit to the authors.
DB 2.3
Mental illness and Substance Use Disorders occur at an alarming rate, even in the state of Connecticut. What are some causes of this within the state of CT? If you are outside of CT, what specific issues could lead to co-occurring disorders in your state? Please be sure to discuss at least 3 reasons and provide information from scholarly sources of your choosing to support your statements.
NOTE: You must make at least 1 substantial posting and 2 substantial replies to this thread. You must participate in the Unit discussion board (making postings/replies) at least 3 days per unit to qualify for full credit, and also have at least 1 posting by Wednesday at midnight. You also must use APA style in your posting and replies, so please use in-text references and provide a reference to give proper credit to the authors.