Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is a genital condition that is common in male newborns. The testicles in a developing fetus do not descend to the scrotum. According to researchers, this is more closely associated with hormonal problems in the body of newborns (Gurney et al., 2017). The undescended testicles are either palpable during examination or unpalpable. Palpable testicles are the most common as compared to unpalpable ones. With unpalpable testicles, either the testicles are located in the abdomen, or the inguinal canal, or it is very small. In other cases, the testicles may not form. Cryptorchidism is a congenital birth defect because maternal factors, environmental factors, and genetics contribute to hormonal disruption as the fetus develops in the uterus.

There are risk factors for having an undescended testis. Some of these include premature birth, which is a greater risk. Having a low birth weight, which is below 25kg at birth, doubles one’s risk of having cryptorchidism. Chemicals that slow down fetal growth, such as exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemical substances such as pesticides, diethylstilbestrol, dioxins, and brominated flame retardants, account for the increased cases of cryptorchidism in neonates. Tobacco use during pregnancy by the mother is a risk factor. Any familial history of genital development issues is another predisposing factor to having an undescended testicle. Other conditions closely associated with cryptorchidism include Down’s syndrome. It slows down the growth of the fetus, and the male baby may end up with small or no testis at all.

Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for testicular cancer (Gurney et al., 2017). Studies have shown that those men with testicular cancer have reported a history of cryptorchidism before (Gurney et al., 2016). To add on, having an undescended testicle increases one’s risk of developing testicular cancer by two to eight times (Baird et al., 2018).

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References

Baird, D. C., Meyers, G. J., & Hu, J. S. (2018). Testicular cancer: Diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician, 97(4), 261-268. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0215/p261.html

Gurney, J. K., McGlynn, K. A., Stanley, J., Merriman, T., Signal, V., Shaw, C., … & Sarfati, D. (2017). Risk factors for cryptorchidism. Nature Reviews Urology, 14(9), 534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2017.90

Gurney, J. K., Stanley, J., Shaw, C., & Sarfati, D. (2016). Ethnic patterns of hypospadias in New Zealand do not resemble those observed for cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: evidence of differential aetiology?. Andrology, 4(1), 82-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12121

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Discussion Prompt

Part 1: Choose a condition from the following case studies: Undescended Testes, PCOS, Male Hypogonadism, Trichomonas Vaginosis (Week 5 Case Study Details). You may work in small groups of up to 3 students if desired.

Cryptorchidism

Part 2: Select two different students/topics, discuss the condition encompassing clinical experiences, and critique the post.

Expectations

Initial Post of Case Study:

Due: Saturday, 11:59 pm PT
Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years