Concise Paper on Health Behavior Risk and the Population Health Model – Tobacco Use

Concise Paper on Health Behavior Risk and the Population Health Model – Tobacco Use

Tobacco use is a major high-risk health behavior. Its use increases the risk of engaging in risky behaviors, injury, and diseases. Tobacco use is rising among the emerging adult population. This further exacerbates the tobacco dependency pandemic and the population susceptible to major tobacco-related diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory and lung diseases, diabetes, mental health problems, as well as the increased burden of disease (Reitsma et al., 2021). This paper reviews tobacco use among emerging adults and presents the use of the population health model to address tobacco use, three approaches to address changes needed to address tobacco use, and reasons these are appropriate for the health behavior risk among the emerging adult population. Do you need help with your assignment ? Contact us at eminencepapers.com.

Tobacco Use and Prevalence among the Emerging Adult Population (Ages 18 to 29)

Tobacco use is a behavioral health issue of concern. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States (Cornelius et al., 2020). Cigarette smoking has declined over the years, and its smoking among adults declined from 14.0% in 2019 to 12.5% in 2020 (Cornelius et al., 2022). However, other methods of tobacco product use, such as new combustible, noncombustible, and electronic tobacco products, fuel tobacco use among U.S. adults. A reported 47.1 million adults aged above 18 years were active tobacco users in 2020, in which smoking remained highest at 14 percent, e-cigarettes at 4.5 percent, cigars, smokeless tobacco including chewable tobacco and snuff, and hookah at 3.6, 2.4, and 1.0 percent, respectively (Cornelius et al., 2020). An estimated 16.7 percent of adults aged 18 years or older have smoked any combustible tobacco product, while 3.9 percent of tobacco users report using two or more tobacco products as of 2020 (Cornelius et al., 2022).

Cigarette smoking is lowest among emerging adults aged between 18 and 24 years at 7.4 percent and highest among people aged 25 to 44 years at 14.1 percent (Cornelius et al., 2022). New and emerging methods of tobacco use and flavors such as e-cigs and targeted marketing are threatening addiction among emerging adults and the new generation to nicotine. E-cigarette use is highest among the adult population aged between 18 and 24 years, which is currently at 9.3 percent of total smokers as of 2020 (Cornelius et al., 2022).

Tobacco use causes related diseases, disability, and death, which increases the burden of disease in the U.S. with significant social and economic outcomes. Current data shows that tobacco smoking alone kills over 480,000 Americans annually (Shrestha et al., 2022). Additionally, one in every four Americans who do not smoke or use tobacco products is exposed to secondhand smoke and tobacco use. This increases the number of susceptible populations to cigarette and tobacco use diseases. In addition, 2018 data shows that tobacco smoking and use cost the U.S. over $600 billion, with over $240 billion spent on healthcare and an estimated $372 billion on lost productivity (Shrestha et al., 2022).

Use of the Population Health Model to Address Tobacco Use among Emerging Adult Population

The issue of tobacco use among emerging adults can be addressed using the population health model. The population health model understands the health of various population groups by focusing on the multiple determinants of health and how the determinants of health interact and influence each other, leading to favorable or poor health outcomes (Russo & Gourevitch, 2019). An analysis of the health patterns across the population is needed to identify these determinants of health. Health outcomes result from how susceptible the individuals within the population and the entire population are to these determinants of health. The model thus helps understand how differences in health outcomes occur across the population.

The plan to address tobacco use among the emerging adult population is first to understand the determinants of health behavior risk and then decide on applicable approaches to counter the determinants of tobacco. This is done by conceptualizing the factors influencing tobacco use in this population group. Tobacco use among emerging adults is linked to social and economic factors, the social and physical environment, mental health status, gender, race, and genetic factors. Social and economic factors such as the level of income and the level of education are leading determinants of tobacco use among adults aged 18 or above. The prevalence of tobacco use in 2019 was highest among people with GED-level education at 43.7 percent and 27 percent for households earning below $35,000 annually (Cornelius et al., 2020). Mental health status factors such as self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and stress contribute to increased tobacco use. For instance, severe anxiety influences 45.7 percent of tobacco usage (Cornelius et al., 2020). The social and physical environment includes living with a smoker or in areas where smoking is open and unrestricted. Manipulative advertising and marketing of tobacco products, such as flavored e-cigs, contribute to higher use among emerging adults (Chadi et al., 2019).

Three Strategies/Approaches to Address the Changes Needed to Address Tobacco Use

Addressing tobacco use among emerging adults adopts evidence-based, population-level interventions. Three appropriate strategies and approaches include putting in place comprehensive policies on tobacco advertising, nationwide anti-tobacco use and cessation health promotion and education, and use of technology in running tobacco use cessation campaigns.

The first strategy will be to formulate and put in place comprehensive policies on tobacco advertising. Advertising of tobacco products influences the largest part of usage. Manufacturers use manipulative tactics such as flavors, making smoking or use of certain tobacco products appealing, and promoting tobacco products such as e-cigs and vapers as alternatives to smoking (Chadi et al., 2019). Target and continued exposure to adverts and promotional materials of tobacco products influence tobacco use among emerging adults. Therefore, policy restrictions on tobacco advertising and promotions are required.

Health education and promotion against tobacco use can help emerging adults understand the various factors influencing their use of tobacco products. The use of technology as a strategy can support the coordination of anti-tobacco use efforts among emerging adults. Besides, technology post-Covid-19 pandemic is now a part of healthcare delivery systems. Social media, smartphone app advertising, eHealth elements, and telemedicine can support tobacco-use cessation campaigns.

Reasons Why the Three Strategies Would be Appropriate and Effective with Changing Health Behaviors among Emerging Adults

Policy restrictions on tobacco advertising are an appropriate strategy to address tobacco use among emerging adults for two reasons: firstly, everything runs on policies (Russo & Gourevitch, 2019). Control of what and how tobacco products are advertised can reduce their attractiveness to young adults. Secondly, there is a positive opinion on tobacco advertising restrictions, including point-of-sale, locations of adverts, and social media advertising (Blake et al., 2022).

Further, health education campaigns, including anti-tobacco adverts, help dissuade use (Stevens et al., 2021). Health education campaigns create knowledge on tobacco-related health conditions, mental and economic outcomes of tobacco use, and how to keep one healthy. Also, cessation counseling and education improve coping and addiction management (Hyndman et al., 2019). There are many reasons for the use of technology in campaigns and health promotion. For instance, mobile health technologies support the personalization of cessation plans and support based on psychosocial needs (Klein et al., 2019) and support access to health education programs (World Health Organization, 2019).

References

Blake, K. D., Gaysynsky, A., Mayne, R. G., Seidenberg, A. B., Kaufman, A., D’Angelo, H., Roditis, M., & Vollinger, R. E. (2022). U.S. public opinion toward policy restrictions to limit tobacco product placement and advertising at point-of-sale and on social media. Preventive Medicine, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106930

Chadi, N., Hadland, S. E., & Harris, S. K. (2019). Understanding the implications of the “vaping epidemic” among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. In Substance Abuse (Vol. 40, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1580241

Cornelius, M. E., Loretan, C. G., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., & Homa, D. M. (2022). Tobacco Product Use Among Adults — United States, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(11), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM7111A1

Cornelius, M. E., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., Loretan, C. G., & Neff, L. J. (2020). Tobacco Product Use Among Adults — United States, 2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(46), 1736–1742. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6946A4

Hyndman, K., Thomas, R. E., Schira, H. R., Bradley, J., Chachula, K., Patterson, S. K., & Compton, S. M. (2019). The effectiveness of tobacco dependence education in health professional students’ practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 16, Issue 21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214158

Klein, P., Lawn, S., Tsourtos, G., & van Agteren, J. (2019). Tailoring of a smartphone smoking cessation app (Kick. it) for serious mental illness populations: Qualitative study. JMIR Human Factors, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.2196/14023

Reitsma, M. B., Kendrick, P. J., Ababneh, E., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abhilash, E. S., Abila, D. B., Aboyans, V., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Adebayo, O. M., Advani, S. M., Aghaali, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, H., Aji, B., … Zuniga, Y. H. (2021). Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 397(10292), 2337–2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7

Russo, P. G., & Gourevitch, M. N. (2019). Population Health. In J. R. Knickman & B. Elbel (Eds.), Jonas and Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (12th ed.). Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826172730

Shrestha, S. S., Ghimire, R., Wang, X., Trivers, K. F., Homa, D. M., & Armour, B. S. (2022). Cost of Cigarette Smoking‒Attributable Productivity Losses, U.S., 2018. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 63(4), 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.032

Stevens, E. M., Vázquez-Otero, C., Li, X., Arya, M., Vallone, D., Minsky, S., Osgood, N. D., & Viswanath, K. (2021). Tobacco messages encountered in real-time among low socio-economic position groups: a descriptive study. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12197-3

World Health Organization. (2019). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019. Offer help to quit tobacco use. In Geneva: World Health Organization.

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Tobacco Use

Please review Chapters 5, 6, and 7 in the Knickman and Elbel text.

This concise paper will focus on one health behavior risk and the population health model.

Choose one of the following behavioral risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol/substance use, physical activity, diet/nutrition, or obesity.

Provide background information and statistical data on your chosen topic for the emerging adult population (ages 18 to 29).

Develop a detailed plan describing the use of the population health model to address the specific behavioral risk factor for a population of emerging adults.

Discuss a minimum of three strategies/approaches to address the changes needed with your chosen health risk factor.

State two specific reasons (backed by scholarly sources) why these three strategies would be appropriate and effective in changing health behaviors among emerging adults.