Comparing Mammalian LD Testing and Computer Simulations- Insights and Legal Stimulants

Comparing Mammalian LD Testing and Computer Simulations- Insights and Legal Stimulants

Performing LD tests on mammals and via computers has numerous advantages. Although computer-aided models are precise, they may not be biologically complicated as mammalian systems (Husain et al., 2023). Mammals have evolved complex biochemical and physiological mechanisms that function similarly to humans, thus providing a more accurate prediction of drug effects such as metabolism, distribution, and toxicity (Mukherjee et al., 2022). Moreover, investigating drugs in the organisms of a living body allows researchers to witness the behavioral reaction, for instance, the variations in locomotion and thinking activity. Contrarily, computers appear as the most effective in the simulation of molecular interactions, which are specific and prediction of drug-receptor binding affinities, which throw light on drug mechanisms and how they may interact with biological targets that cannot be visibly observed in the organisms (Sadybekov & Katritch, 2023).

Legal and over-the-counter stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, and some medications, such as Adderall and Ritalin (Farzam et al., 2020). What separates these substances from cocaine and amphetamines is their legal status and pharmacological properties. Legal stimulants are normally milder in potency and have a lower abuse likelihood than illicit drugs like cocaine and amphetamines (Farzam et al., 2020). Furthermore, they are similar in their stimulant effects on the central nervous system, which are highlighted by increased alertness, enhanced mood, and improved cognitive function. Docherty and Alsufyani (2021) indicate that all stimulants work by modulating neurotransmitter activity, especially dopamine and norepinephrine, according to mechanisms of action that are different for each one of them. In the same way, legal anOTC stimulants are subject to terms and considered safe when used as directed, just as cocaine and amphetamines pose a better risk of addiction and health effects.

References

Docherty, J. R., & Alsufyani, H. A. (2021). Pharmacology of drugs used as stimulants. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 61(S2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1918

Farzam, K., Faizy, R. M., & Saadabadi, A. (2020). Stimulants. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539896/

Husain, A., Meenakshi, D., Ahmad, A., Shrivastava, N., & Khan, S. (2023). A review on alternative methods to experimental animals in biological testing: Recent advancement and current strategies. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 15(4), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_380_23

Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Ghosh, D., & Nandi, S. K. (2022). Role of animal models in biomedical research: A review. Laboratory Animal Research, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1

Sadybekov, A. V., & Katritch, V. (2023). Computational approaches streamlining drug discovery. Nature, 616(7958), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05905-z

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What are the benefits of conducting LD tests on mammals versus with computers?

What can computers do or tell us that lab animals could not?

Comparing Mammalian LD Testing and Computer Simulations- Insights and Legal Stimulants

What are some of the legal and over-the-counter stimulants?

How do they differ from cocaine and amphetamines?

How are they similar?