Article Summary

Article Summary

Article: Romantic Red Revisited: Red Enhances Men’s Attraction to Young, but Not Menopausal Women

Purpose of Study and Hypotheses

The research examines whether the red color influences men’s perceptions of sexual attraction toward women. If you test the red color’s effect on how men perceive women’s sexual attractiveness, you realize that most men will view red as sexually attractive than white (Kumara, 2018). The hypothesis tests two variables: men’s sexual attraction towards young women against menopausal women. Men will perceive only a young woman as sexually attractive on a red background, unlike white.

Research Design and Variables

Experimental research was conducted involving a group of both old and young men. Each group was tested on either a red or white background on how they perceived printed pictures of women according to sexual attractiveness. The independent variables included printed pictures of both old and young women on either white or red backgrounds. The assumed age for young men was 24.67 years, and that of older men was 53.47. The young woman’s assumed age was 23.67, and that of a menopausal woman was 48.18. The dependent variable in this research was men’s sexual attraction towards women.

Participants

The participants included a group of individuals from a city in Germany and another from a university campus. The subjects tested included men of old and young age on the scale of their sexual attraction towards women of both young and menopause ages when presented in front of red and white backgrounds.

Measures

The research examined sexual attractiveness using pictures of women printed on either red or white backgrounds. The picture printed on a red background led men to perceive those women as more attractive. On the age limit and background scale to which a picture was printed, men were asked to evaluate the women’s physical attributes in those pictures. Three questions were used in the research process to test three important physical perceptions of women’s attractiveness based on printed pictures. A questionnaire was used to elicit answers to three questions: how desirable a character looks, how a participant would like to be intimate with the target, and how they would like to have sex with the target.

Participants rated women based on how they perceived them as beautiful, intelligent, and likable on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 represents the lowest score and 9 extreme scores. Four types of printed photos were randomly shown to each participant. A systematic examination of the influence of red color on men’s sexual and physical attractiveness toward women was tested by Elliot and Niesta using photos printed on either white or red backgrounds. The men were to fill out the questionnaire to answer the prompted questions.

Results

Men of all ages were more attracted to pictures of young women on red backgrounds. Men do not differ on the scale of sexual attraction towards women. However, only young women appear sexually attractive to men. The red color only enhances sexual attractiveness for young women. The pictures of young-looking women on a red background seemed physically and sexually attracted to men. Young women on red backgrounds appear more attractive to men of all ages, while women of menopause age don’t appear sexually attractive, whether on a red or white background or clothes.

Conclusions

Both young and older men have a red color effect and perceive young women as physically and sexually attracted to red backgrounds. However, that was not the case for menopausal women, whether on a red or white background. The disparity in sexual attractiveness for young and older women is based on ovulation and fertility. A cognitive representation of red color where red is a cue for women’s ovulation; since menopausal women don’t ovulate, their sexual attractiveness on such a scale is insignificant.

 Article: Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Turnover Intentions among Teachers in the Offinso South District of Ghana

Purpose of Study and Hypotheses

The research tested the impact that satisfaction with a job or justice at the workplace can have on teachers’ job turnover. Suppose teachers are satisfied at work and appreciate organizational benefits. In that case, they are more likely to remain in the profession, but if they are unsatisfied or feel unjustly treated through organizational injustices, they are likely to quit (Addo-Nimako, 2020).  Male teachers are more likely to quit due to the above factors compared to female teachers.

Research Design and Variables

It utilized a cross-sectional survey carried out on a population of 300 senior high school teachers. Using convenience sampling, 120 questionnaires were distributed to be filled by the teachers. Teacher turnover intentions were measured on two different scales: perceptions of justice at the workplace and satisfaction with work based on pay. The teacher’s turnover intentions were measured compared to how they felt satisfied and justly treated at work. They measured teachers’ perceived procedural, interactional, and distributive justice scales. On the aspect of job satisfaction, they measured four elements: promotion, pay, the job itself, and supervision. Independent variables in the research comprised of both satisfaction with work scores and justice at workplace perspective scores, while the dependent variable was teachers’ intentions for job turnover.

Participants

The research subjects involved participants from a population of about 300 senior high school teachers from Offinso South District of Ghana sampled through convenience technique. Subjects were presented with introductory letters asking them to provide consent for participation in the research.

Measures

An organizational justice index scale was used to evaluate teachers’ perceptions of justice for the three aspects of the organizational perspective of justice, including procedural, distributive, and interactional forms of justice. A scale of eight elements of procedural justice was measured, while six elements were measured for both interactional and distributive perspectives of justice. The scale ranged from 1 to 4, with 1 strongly disagreeing and 4 strongly agreeing with the study questions. On the variable of job satisfaction, four elements were measured to assess the scale of teachers’ satisfaction with their jobs. They evaluated pay, supervision, the job itself, and promotion and their influence on job turnover behaviors among teachers.  Three indicators were measured on a scale of job turnover intentions: their levels of thinking about quitting, intent to quit, and intent to search.

Results

It was established that pay had the most significant impact on turnover intentions. A teacher who felt underpaid were more likely to have intentions of quitting the job. Interactional justice had the most negligible impact on turnover intentions for teachers. Through regression analysis, it was established that combined elements of job satisfaction demonstrate about 25.2% of the variance in teachers’ job turnover intentions. Promotion, work itself, and supervision did not significantly influence teachers’ turnover intentions. Perceived organizational justice within its three perspectives significantly influenced teachers’ job turnover intentions, except for the interactional justice perspective. Evidence revealed tiny or insignificant variations in the level of teacher intentions for job turnover between male and female teachers. It was evident that an increase in job satisfaction was most likely to decrease their intentions for job turnover. Kosi et al. (2015) explain that teachers in Ghana value pay because it’s their sole source of income and livelihood. Thus, paying is a significant contributor to turnover intentions.

Conclusions

The research reveals that satisfaction with the job and justice at the workplace influence teachers’ turnover intentions. When teachers are paid satisfactorily, they are less likely to quit, whereas distributive justice increases turnover intentions. According to the study, there are insignificant differences in turnover intentions between male and female teachers.

References

Kumara, R. D. R. (2018). The Impact of Costume Color of Women’s Sports on Men’s Attraction: Managing Color of Costume in Marketing Management Perspective. IJASSH.

Addo-Nimako, E. (2020). Perceived pay equity and teachers’ performance at Ghana education service in the Kumasi metropolis in Nhyiaeso Sub Metropolitan, Kumasi (Doctoral dissertation, University of Education, Winneba).

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For this assignment, review the two articles provided:

“Romantic Red Revisited: Red Enhances Men’s Attraction to Young, but not Menopausal Women,” by Sascha & Singer, from Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2013). https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0022103112001564

Article Summary

“Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Turnover Intentions among Teachers in the Offinso South District of Ghana,” by Addai, Kyeremeh, Abdulai, & Sarfo, from European Journal of Contemporary Education (2018). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=130597326&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=s8333196&groupid=main&profile=eds1

Read through them carefully and write a summary of each article. Write about the articles in everyday language, explaining the theory each was testing, the method used, the most important results, and the main points in the discussion. Be very careful not to plagiarize at this stage (please reread the course materials on academic integrity (plagiarism) and the APA guide on paraphrasing).

Use 500-600-words for each summary (for a total of 1,000-1,200-words), following this organizational structure:

A description of the article’s purpose and main hypotheses
A clear statement of the study’s design: Experimental or correlational? What were the main IVs or PVs? What was the main DV? Who participated?
A methods paragraph in which you mention each key variable in turn, followed by how it was operationalized. (e.g., “The study measured the variable self-compassion using a self-report questionnaire developed by Neff; it had 25 items that were rated on five-point scales.”)
A paragraph in which you describe the main results. If they used regression, you must describe the main relationship as well as what it was controlling for (e.g., “Self-compassion predicted well-being, even when controlling for self-esteem and emotionality”). If it was a factorial design, describe the main effects and interactions.
A short paragraph about the authors’ conclusions.
Turn in one document with both summaries; make sure to distinguish which summary belongs to which article with appropriate APA headings.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance