Research Paper: Reports and Innovations of the Early 1900s Assignment

The Impact of the Carnegie Commission Report of 1920 and the 1951 Gambling the Scandal Had on College Sports

The Carnegie Commission Report of 1920 had significant implications for the sport. The report exposed widespread commercialization and corruption in college athletics and went further to criticize the approach taken by schools to prioritize athletics success over academics (Matheson, 2021). Various issues like illegal payments to athletes, inappropriate recruitment tactics, and excessive emphasis on winning were highlighted: Research Paper: Reports and Innovations of the Early 1900s Assignment.

The report called for reforms that would ensure educational values are aligned with sporting activities. Notably, this is so because a balance between the two was considered beneficial for athletics (Romans 12:2, New King James Version). However, noticeable resistance to the changes was evident.

The 1951 gambling scandal tarnished college sports, whereby several players were implicated in point-shaving schemes. The schemes were run by gamblers and exposed the vulnerability of athletes to external financial influence. Notably, this led to a reinforcement of NCAA regulations, which made the rules stricter (Davies, 2017). Actions such as increased oversight of recruiting practices and banning some gambling organizations were taken.

An example drawn from modern sports would be that of Alabama baseball, in which the coach was fired for participating in gambling-related activities. The example highlights the fact that modern college sports face similar issues to those that were identified during the 1951 scandal. Ethical challenges are still prevalent, which shows that the early sports challenges, such as those of the 1920s and 1950s, are yet to be fully solved.

The Impact of the Career of Tex Rickard Upon the Structure of American Sports

Tex Rickards’s career played an important role in shaping modern American sports. Particularly, he played a role in boxing and professional event promotion. Rickard used mass media and marketing to turn boxing matches into large-scale spectacles during the 20^th century. Indeed, he conducted an event that was the first to generate over $1 million in revenue in 1921 in a match between Dempsey vs. Georges (Plassche et al., 2023).

Notably, this event set the precedent for the pay-per-view style that is applied in modern sports, indicating an extension beyond boxing. For instance, he founded the New York Rangers in 1926, which assisted in the expansion of the NHL to major US markets. Further, he played a role in the construction of Madison Square Garden, which, up to date, is a premier sporting venue.

The impact of Rickards is far-reaching in modern sports with his features being evident in other figures such as Dana White. Dana White used aggressive promotion and global branding to turn UFC into a billion-dollar industry (Davies, 2017).

The same has been applied by Eddie Hearn and Oscar De La Hoya in their promoting activities. Over the years, Rickard’s legacy has endured to structure modern sports commercialization. Further, it has helped to shape modern entertainment spectacles.

How Organized Baseball Tried to Survive During the 1930s and Innovations

Successful

During the Great Depression, professional baseball struggled as attendance declined and team revenues plummeted. To survive, Major League Baseball (MLB) introduced several innovations. First, night games were introduced as Cincinnati Reds hosted the first official night game in 1935 (Jafri & Yahya, 2021). Night baseball increased accessibility, allowing working-class fans to attend games after work.

This move proved successful and became a league-wide standard. Further, the second All-Star Game started: introduced in 1933, the MLB All-Star Game was designed to generate excitement and revenue. The game quickly became a tradition and remains one of baseball’s most popular events today (Davies, 2017).

Lastly, radio broadcasts started, and teams started broadcasting games on the radio, expanding their reach to millions who could not afford tickets. Notably, this helped sustain fan interest and build regional loyalty. Further, it helped to spread the popularity of the game among all groups of people.

The baseball innovations were largely successful. They helped baseball to endure financial hardship during the crisis period when all sectors were adversely affected. Today, similar adaptations, like MLB’s embrace of digital streaming and international games, reflect the sport’s continuous evolution.

The rise of pitch clocks and rule changes in 2023 mirrors the 1930s innovations (Huang & Hsu, 2021). It reflects a commitment to maintain fan engagement in a rapidly changing entertainment landscape.

References

Davies, R. O. (2017). Sports in American life: A history. John Wiley and Sons.

Huang, J. H., & Hsu, Y. C. (2021). A Multidisciplinary Perspective on Publicly Available

Sports Data in the Era of Big Data: A Scoping Review of the Literature on Major League Baseball. Sage Open, 11(4), 21582440211061566. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244021106156

Jafri, F., & Yahya, A. H. (2021). An overview of crisis management, decision-making, and Sports media concept. E-Journal of Media and Society (e-JOMS), 6, 1-12. https://myjurnal.mohe.gov.my/public/article-view.php?id=167854

Matheson, V. (2021). An Overview of the Economics of Sports Gambling and an Introduction to the Symposium. Eastern Economic Journal, 47, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41302-020-00182-4

New King James Version. (2017). King James Bible Online. opens new window https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published1769).

Plassche, G. C., Fortney, T. A., Morrissette, C., Korzelius, J. F., & Popkin, C. A. (2023). Fighting in professional ice hockey: it’s time for a change. The Physician and

Sportsmedicine, 51(5), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2022.2078170

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Research Paper Assignment Instructions

Overview

It is important to demonstrate your understanding of sport topics and how they connect to present conditions. Therefore, you will complete 5 Research Paper Assignments based off selected topics from the world of sports.

Instructions

For each paper you will answer the presented questions. Your answers must be comprehensive and be supported with current sport-related examples. Critical thinking must be demonstrated in each answered question. Write your thoughts out effectively as you complete the reading assignments. Do not answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to any of the questions.

• Each question must be answered with no less than 200–300 words.
  • Each assignment should include a separate title page, the body of your paper and a separate reference page.
• APA (American Psychological Association) Format should be used to complete these assignments.
  • All answers must be compiled in a Word document.
  • Times New Roman, 12- point font, and double spaced throughout.
  • List ALL references, including your scriptural references using current APA mechanics.
• Each question must include references to support your answer.
  • Textbook support should be limited to two or three citations per question.
  • At least 1 reference in addition to the course textbook.
  • A scriptural reference that is related to the topic.
• Acceptable sources include.
  • Scholarly articles published within the last five years.
  • Any Biblical translation.

Note: Each assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Research Paper: Early Sports Assignment

Please answer three (3) of the four (4) questions.

1. Summarize the arguments used for and against football and early college sports.
2. Compare and contrast Victorian ideals with the modern secularism of the progressive era.
3. Explain the relationship between Muscular Christianity and sports, past and present.
4. Evaluate the role and contributions of organizations such as the YMCA, Boy Scouts of America, New York Athletic Club, and the AAU in the history of American sports?

Research Paper: Women in Early Sports Assignment

Please answer all three (3) questions.

1. Describe the activities of a typical “play day.” How did play days differ from athletic competition?
2. Evaluate the changing views of womanhood and femininity as seen in the life of Mildred “Babe” Didrikson Zaharias.
3. What were the “Smith Rules?” Why are they significant in helping us understand gender roles at the turn of the twentieth century?
   

   Research Paper: Reports and Innovations of the Early 1900s Assignment

Research Paper: Reports and Innovations of the Early 1900s Assignment

Please answer all three (3) questions.

1. Describe the impact the Carnegie Commission report of 1920 and the 1951 gambling scandal had on college sports.
2. What was the impact of the career of Tex Rickard upon the structure of American sports?
3. How did organized baseball try to survive during the 1930s? Were these innovations successful?

Research Paper: Television’s Impact of Sports Assignment

Please answer all three (3) questions.

1. How and why did “Friday night fights” and television negatively impact the existing culture of professional boxing?
2. Describe and assess the contributions of Roone Arledge to televised sports.
3. List and discuss three major ways television impacted sports.

Research Paper: Stadiums, Leagues, and Professionalism Assignment

Please answer 3 of the 5 questions listed below.

1. Explain the Sanity Code. Why was it approved by the NCAA national convention?  Was it successful?
2. Compare and contrast the different eras of stadium construction. Be sure to include factors such as financing, location, and design.
3. Assess the contribution and impacts of competing leagues, such as the AFL, ABA, and USFL.
4. Pick one of the following and discuss its development and struggles: NASCAR, NHL, MLS.
5. Outline the changing views towards professionalism in the Olympics from Pierre de Coubertin to the present. How and why have views changed? Who is responsible?