White Collar Crime and Organized Crime
Compare organized crime and white-collar crime, and then identify the interactivity between the two.
The National White Collar Crime Center organized a workshop in 1996, where a conceptual debate climaxed. The workshop aimed to define white-collar crime (WCC). A report was agreed upon by those attending as “illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust, committed by an individual or organization, usually during the course of legitimate occupational activity, by persons of high or respectable social status for personal or organizational gain“ (Reurink, 2016: Helmkamp, Ball & Townsend 1996). Today there still exists some disagreements in the misbehaviors considered part of a white-collar crime.
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Most experts agree that white-collar crime is one of the most challenging concepts to define. However, some categories of offenses that fall into white-collar crime include manufacturing violations, unfair business practices, fraud, abuse of authority, administrative and regulatory violations, and labor violations. Undoubtedly, the WCC causes far more significant financial damage to society than all other crimes combined. A crime report by the FBI in 2002 estimated that street crime combined resulted in a cost of nearly $17 billion. (Schram & Tibbetts, 2017). An estimate of the economic losses that WCC caused resulted in approximately $500 billion in costs. There is scientific evidence that compared to all the street crimes combined, the WCC injures, maims, and kills more innocent people. During the industrial revolution, crimes against the environment were prevalent and resulted in much damage.
When defining organized crime, the difficulty is with the term organized, not crime. One approach that can be used is to bring in a typology, such as obtaining some goals (for example, theft and violence) and a reason for participating in the activities: political or economic objective. Organized crime can be categorized into criminal organizations, such as prisons, motorcycles, Mafia, and urban street gangs. Organized Crime Control Act of the United States defines organized crime as “the unlawful activities of a highly organized disciplined association.” The United States Department of Justice characterized the drug cartels of the Mexicans as the most significant organized crime threat. This was primarily due to Mexico’s drug war escalating violence.
Organized and white-collar crimes are similar because both utilize ongoing business enterprises to make gains. The literature about criminology treated distinct concepts the organized crimes and the WCC. The former was said to involve a crime in streets, while the other was a crime in suites. White-collar crime researchers have challenged this notion by arguing that the differences between the two are minor, if not nonexistent (Gerber, 2000). The line between legitimate and illegitimate has become so blurred that trying to ascertain where gangsterism ends, and the government begins is impossible.
Explain how governmental entities fit within this relationship.
The government mostly comes in to minimize the occurrence of white-collar and organized crime. This can be seen in the waste disposal during the industrial revolution. Until the 1970s, hazardous waste disposal was not regulated. For decades, organized crime dominated states like New Jersey, which were the garbage hauling sites. The success of the criminals was based on the concept of respect and property rights. The contracts for Municipal waste hauling were given to the haulers illegally (Szasz, 1998). The organized crime authorities recognized property rights and enforced them. They implemented the decisions of the Municipal Contractors Association by threats and violence, if necessary. When RCRA mandated the licensing of firms that were fit to transport hazardous waste, it was easy for the haulers to get state permits. Figures of organized crime had influence or possession of the disposal sites. They also owned the landfills wholly or partly. Since the system was not monitored sufficiently, the Interim hauling and disposal licenses were given out easily.
Congress extended the period when the disposal firms and transporters could operate using temporary permits. This was done due to inadequate waste facilities. If the less-than-adequate disposal means were not allowed, America would have been harmed by its waste. The interim licensing was managed poorly (Szasz, 1998). Getting provisional disposal permits was a walk in the park for existing landfills and bogus firms. A significant roadblock to ending organized crime is inadequate waste disposal facilities.
RCRA was later passed to ensure regulation of waste disposal. The companies that generated hazardous waste were now required to document the amount of garbage signed to disposers and haulers. Of most firms, 62% contacted other parties to handle their waste. Due to the high prices of treating waste, most hazardous waste is disposed of illegally or landfilled. The regulations governing hazardous waste disposal were not carefully written, making it easy for organized crimes to enter the waste handling industry: both the disposal and hauling phases.
Analyze the interrelationships and networks between government employees, legitimate business professionals, and organized crime groups.
Criminal organizations and governments worldwide are coupling to a degree that has never been seen before. As a result, the distinction between what suits gangsters and national interests is becoming blurred. Mafia states are enjoying their hybrid status’ unhealthy advantages. They are both well-protected governments and gangs, making them more dangerous than either. The global economic crisis has made it easy for transnational criminals to acquire financially dressed but valuable companies at low prices. After receiving the companies, many employees are laid off, making the remaining ones easily tempted to break the law. Jobless logistics, law, information technology, and finance experts have made accessing world-class talent easier for criminal cartels (Naím, 2012).
The criminals penetrate the governments to an unprecedented degree. Instead of flushing out the powerful gangs, some governments have, on the other hand, taken over their unlawful activities. Government officials can acquire wealth for themselves and their families while leveraging the muscle, political influence, money, and criminal syndicates’ global connections to make further expansions. Professional criminals do not fill most illicit enterprises’ top positions. Government officials now fill these positions instead. Government agencies now use criminals to smuggle weapons to agents in different countries; they may even use the criminal network to assassinate enemies abroad (Naím, 2012). Perhaps the best-known example is the assassination of Fidel Castro in 1960 when the CIA enlisted mafia figures to execute it.
Recommend specific policy measures to be adopted to encourage exposure to white-collar crime.
Creating reporting avenues in every company
ACFE research shows tips are the most common way of detecting fraud or white-collar crime. However, most companies might view auditors, compliance staff, and security professionals as responsible for detecting fraudulent activities. In truth, the staff-level employees are the first defense line to spotting WCC that their peers might commit. This is because they work side-by-side with the perpetrators and are familiar with the company’s legitimate operations. They are, therefore, in the best position to notice abnormalities. Every organization should consequently have an effective whistle-blower program that provides different mechanisms for reporting suspicious activity. The program must also clearly, openly, and adequately protect and support those who say irregularities.
Compulsory Data examination
Most WCCs affect the accounts in some way. For example, false entries in the systems to cover fraud or inventory theft from books are left out of balance. Proactively examining the financial records can shed light on areas needing further investigation. According to ACFE, external and internal auditors detect approximately 18 % of all frauds. Automated tools can notify of any accounting data that do not meet the set criteria, such as payment of a vendor absent on the approved list. The organizations do not have to wait for the auditors. Email and text-based data should also be monitored for WCC signs.
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References
Reurink, A. (2016). “White-Collar Crime”: The concept and its potential for financial crime analysis. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 57(3), 385-415.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/whitecollar-crime/6319DD3CF3DABC0F5C6B9ACCDED2E816/core-reader
Schram, P. J., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2017). Introduction to criminology: why do they do it? Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime. SAGE Publications. http://edge.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/Schram2e_CO14.docx
Gerber, J. (2000). On the relationship between organized and white-collar crime: Government, business, and criminal enterprise in post-communist Russia. European Journal of Crime Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 8(4), 327-342. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249570083_On_the_Relationship_between_Organized_and_White-Collar_Crime_Government_Business_and_Criminal_Enterprise_in_Post-Communist_Russia
Henry, S., & Einstadter, W. (Eds.). (1998). The criminology theory reader. NYU Press.
Naím, M. (2012). Mafia states: Organized crime takes office. Foreign Aff., 91, 100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23217970?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents
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Question 
Week 3 – Assignment: Differentiate Organized Crime from White-Collar Crime
Instructions
Prepare a response memo to distinguish between organized crime and white-collar crime. Assume the organization’s ethics manager asked you to clarify issues on the topic. In your response, be sure to address the following:
White Collar Crime and Organized Crime
- Compare organized and white-collar crime, and then identify the interactivity between the two.
- Explain how governmental entities fit within this relationship.
- Analyze the interrelationships and networks between government employees, legitimate business professionals, and organized crime groups.
- Recommend specific policy measures to be adopted to encourage exposure to white-collar crime.
- Provide specific examples where appropriate to support and illustrate your analysis.
Support your memo with a minimum of three scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate educational resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages, not including title and reference pages
Your memo should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.