Patient, Family, or Population Health Problem Solution
According to Duarte et al. (2018), diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that manifests with hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of the disease involves impaired secretion of insulin, resistance to insulin action, and dysfunctional secretion of glucagon (Duarte et al., 2018). Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for most of the incidences of the disease (Duarte et al., 2018). This paper provides an analysis of an intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Get in touch with us at eminencepapers.com. Our homework help will save you the tons of energy and time required for your homework paper.
The Role of Leadership and Change Management
Leaders play a crucial role in change management. Change management refers to the techniques used to implement organizational reforms or transformation (Tang, 2019). This is triggered by a modification in the goals, policies, and procedures of the organization. Accordingly, change management helps various stakeholders acclimate to changes or modifications (Tang, 2019). Leadership and change management strategies enabled me to develop the intervention. Applicable strategies that were used included developing a vision, developing an implementation timeline, open communication, and evaluation (Tang, 2019).
The strategy of developing a vision enabled me to plan and formulate the most desirable outcome for the patients. This formed the basis for developing the intervention. An implementation timeline enabled me to plan with my patients and other interdisciplinary team members to bring the intervention to fruition. Open communication helped to create patient buy-in. It made them recognize the need for the intervention. In addition, an evaluation will be applied after the implementation of the intervention to determine its impact (Tang, 2019).
Nursing ethics such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice guided the formulation of the intervention. The intervention aims to achieve a better prognosis of the disease and improve patient outcomes. This is consistent with beneficence and non-maleficence, which advocate for beneficial practices that are not injurious to the patient (McDermott-Levy et al., 2018). The patients were actively involved in the formulation of the intervention. By so doing, patient autonomy that advocates for respecting patients’ decisions were upheld (McDermott-Levy et al., 2018). Additionally, the intervention will be applied to the patients non-discriminatively.
Strategies for Communicating and Collaborating
The population comprises patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These patients benefit from both outpatient and in-patient hospital services. Notably, type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes mellitus (Johnson & Carragher, 2018). Data indicates that type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for about 90 per cent of the cases in the USA (CDC, n.d.). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has a stronger genetic predilection than type 1 diabetes mellitus (CDC, n.d.). Type 2 DM is common in persons aged 45 years and above (CDC, n.d.). However, the cases in children and teenagers are increasing. About 75 per cent of children and teenagers with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a primary relative with the disease (CDC, n.d.).
Patient engagement is essential to ensure that the best healthcare interventions are adopted. Patient engagement is an enabler of holistic care. This is because patients can identify and report all of their needs. Holistic care promotes patient-centeredness and ensures that the specific interventions are relevant and beneficial to the patient. Patient engagement also creates a rapport with healthcare practitioners. This makes them understand the importance of the intervention and increases the chances of compliance. By so doing, better patient outcomes are achieved.
Moreover, effective communication and collaboration with patients can be achieved through therapeutic communication. Therapeutic communication directs the healthcare practitioner to apply pertinent verbal and nonverbal cues (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). Strategies employed include sharing empathy, turn-taking, active listening, seeking clarification, and confrontation (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). Additionally, the provision of a summary and paraphrasing are key components of therapeutic communication. Therapeutic communication helps establish a good rapport between healthcare practitioners and patients (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). Applying a strategy like paraphrasing is an indicator of attention to detail by the healthcare practitioner (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021). In this context, the patient feels that their opinion is respected. Subsequently, this increases the likelihood of collaboration to achieve a holistic care plan (Kwame & Petrucka, 2021).
How Governmental Policies Guided the Development of the Proposed Intervention
The National Clinical Care Commission’s (NCC) report formed the basis for developing the intervention. The NCC developed a national framework for preventing and controlling diabetes mellitus (Schillinger et al., 2022). In this report, the enablers for prevention and control include policies, supportive environments, individualized aspects, and healthcare-related factors (Schillinger et al., 2022). The specific strategies include health literacy, routine screening and diagnosis, patient follow-ups, evidence-based treatment plans, self-management, and improved access to healthcare (Schillinger et al., 2022).
The lifestyle modification and tight glycemic control intervention are harmonious with NCC’s health literacy and self-management strategies. Health literacy is key to lifestyle modification for type 2 diabetic patients. Besides, lifestyle modification is a significant aspect of the proper and adequate management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, this involves dietary modification and regular exercise. Dietary modification entails strategies such as avoiding sugary foods, trans fats, and saturated fats (Duarte et al., 2018). Patients should embrace foods with a low glycemic index and fresh fruits and vegetables (Duarte et al., 2018). In addition, patients should eat small portions of meals at predetermined time intervals to avert hypoglycemia (Duarte et al., 2018). Regular exercise is beneficial because it helps optimize insulin sensitivity (Duarte et al., 2018). It also helps the patient maintain cardiovascular health and avert other comorbidities, such as hypertension (Duarte et al., 2018).
According to Duarte et al. (2018), tight glycemic control ensures that the patient’s blood sugar levels are within the recommended ranges. This is key to the proper management of type 2 diabetes mellitus because it helps to avert diabetic emergencies and complications (Duarte et al., 2018). Tight glycemic control can be achieved by compliance with the treatment plan. Various strategies can be used to improve compliance. They include using drug calendars and reminders such as alarms or text messages (Duarte et al., 2018).
Proposed Intervention and the Quality of Care, Patient Safety, Costs
The proposed intervention entails lifestyle modification and tight glycemic control. Lifestyle modification comprises dietary modification and physical exercise (Duarte et al., 2018). Physical exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and minimize the manifestations of diabetes mellitus (Duarte et al., 2018). It also helps to avert comorbidities such as hypertension by maintaining cardiovascular health (Duarte et al., 2018). Dietary modification ensures that the blood glucose profiles do not fluctuate and are maintained within the recommended range (Duarte et al., 2018). Tight glycemic control ensures adequate control of patients’ blood glucose levels. By embracing these interventions, the quality of healthcare services will be improved (Duarte et al., 2018). Furthermore, better patient outcomes will be achieved by adequately controlling blood glucose levels and avoiding common comorbidities. As a result, patient safety will be achieved by averting the risk of diabetic emergencies and complications (Duarte et al., 2018).
According to Martinez et al. (2019), lifestyle modification and tight glycemic control will help to avert the development of diabetic emergencies and complications. Examples of these emergencies include hypoglycemia and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic syndrome (Martinez et al., 2019). Diabetic complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications (Martinez et al., 2019). Reducing complications and emergencies will minimize treatment costs incurred by patients during regular hospitalizations (Martinez et al., 2019). The healthcare facility will also benefit because the costs incurred in managing diabetes mellitus can be channelled into other developmental projects (Martinez et al., 2019).
Sources of Benchmark Data on Care Quality, Patient Safety, and Costs
According to NHQDR (n.d.), the National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports (NHQDR) provide benchmark data on quality patient safety and costs of managing diabetes mellitus. The NHQDR uses specific metrics to compare the quality of healthcare services provided by healthcare facilities (NHQDR, n.d.). The NHQDR uses both state and federal benchmarks. Subsequently, this allows the healthcare facilities to evaluate their performance at the state and national levels. Consequently, healthcare facilities formulate strategies for improving the underperforming metrics (NHQDR, n.d.). Notably, this necessitates the use of evidence-based practices to improve the quality of care and achieve better patient outcomes. Underperformance indicates poor quality of care, reduced patient safety, and high treatment costs.
Technology, Care Coordination, and the Utilization of Community Resources
Technology such as telehealth can be used to address the problem of diabetes mellitus. Mobile health technologies such as text messages and audio calls can be used to monitor the patient’s progress and evaluate their compliance (Garber & Gustin, 2022). Remote patient monitoring can be achieved using wearable devices to facilitate continuous monitoring of the patient’s vitals (Lee et al., 2018). This is achieved by the patient measuring their vitals, such as random blood sugar and uploading them for transmission to healthcare practitioners. Videoconferencing can be used to provide real-time interaction where the patient seeks clarifications, such as the type of diet to adopt (Garber & Gustin, 2022).
According to Schmutz et al. (2019), care coordination involves proper planning and scheduling of patient care services among all stakeholders. This can be achieved by an interdisciplinary team involving nurses, physicians, pharmacists, dieticians, and laboratory technologists. They should all participate in patient education. Pharmacists should ensure that the medications are appropriate for the patient and that the patient understands proper medication usage (Szafran et al., 2019). Nurses should uphold accurate administration to avert medication errors (Szafran et al., 2019). Lastly, physicians should collaborate with other members to develop evidence-based treatment plans (Szafran et al., 2019).
Community resources such as support groups are beneficial. Support groups enable diabetic patients to interact and share their experiences. They also provide an opportunity to address the specific needs of these patients. In addition, community support groups help to ensure the psychological, physical, and economic well-being of diabetic patients.
References
CDC. (n.d.). Type 2 Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type2.html#:~:text=More%20than%2037%20million%20Americans,adults%20are%20also%20developing%20it.
Duarte, A. A., Mohsin, S., & Golubnitschaja, O. (2018). Diabetes care in figures: current pitfalls and future scenario. EPMA Journal, 9(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-018-0133-y
Garber, K., & Gustin, T. (2022). Telehealth Education: Impact on Provider Experience and Adoption. Nurse Educator, 47(2), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001103
Johnson, J. M., & Carragher, R. (2018). Interprofessional collaboration and the care and management of type 2 diabetic patients in the Middle East: A systematic review. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 32(5), 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1471052
Kwame, A., & Petrucka, P. M. (2021). A literature-based study of patient-centred care and communication in nurse-patient interactions: barriers, facilitators, and the way forward. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00684-2
Lee, P. A., Greenfield, G., & Pappas, Y. (2018). The impact of telehealth remote patient monitoring on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3274-8
Martinez, L. C., Sherling, D., & Holley, A. (2019). The Screening and Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus. Primary Care – Clinics in Office Practice, 46(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2018.10.006
McDermott-Levy, R., Leffers, J., & Mayaka, J. (2018). Ethical Principles and Guidelines of Global Health Nursing Practice. Nursing Outlook, 66(5), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2018.06.013
NHQDR. (n.d.). National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports (NHQDR). https://datatools.ahrq.gov/nhqdr
Schillinger, D., Bullock, A., Herman, W. H. (2022). An All-Of-Government Approach To Diabetes: The National Clinical Care Commission’s Report To Congress. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20220111.855646/
Schmutz, J. B., Meier, L. L., & Manser, T. (2019). How effective is teamwork really? The relationship between teamwork and performance in healthcare teams: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028280
Szafran, O., Kennett, S. L., Bell, N. R., & Torti, J. M. I. (2019). Interprofessional collaboration in diabetes care: Perceptions of family physicians practising in or not in a primary health care team. BMC Family Practice, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-019-0932-9
Tang, K. N. (2019). Leadership and Change Management. Springer Singapore. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8902-3?noAccess=true
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Question 
Develop an intervention (your capstone project), as a solution to the patient, family, or population problem you’ve defined. Submit the proposed intervention to the faculty for review and approval. This solution needs to be implemented (shared) with your patient, family, or group. You are not to share your intervention with your patient, family, or group or move on to Assessment 5 before your faculty reviews/approves the solution you submit in Assessment 4. In a separate written deliverable, write a 5-7 page analysis of your intervention.
Patient, Family, or Population Health Problem Solution
Please submit both your solution/intervention and the 5-7 page analysis to complete Assessment 4.
Introduction
In your first three assessments, you applied new knowledge and insight gleaned from the literature, from organizational data, and from direct consultation with the patient, family, or group (and perhaps with subject matter and industry experts) to your assessment of the problem. You’ve examined the problem from the perspectives of leadership, collaboration, communication, change management, policy, quality of care, patient safety, costs to the system and individual, technology, care coordination, and community resources. Now it’s time to turn your attention to proposing an intervention (your capstone project), as a solution to the problem.
Preparation
In this assessment, you’ll develop an intervention as a solution to the health problem you’ve defined. To prepare for the assessment, think about an appropriate intervention, based on your work in the preceding assessments, that will produce tangible, measurable results for the patient, family, or group. In addition, you might consider using a root cause analysis to explore the underlying reasons for a problem and as the basis for developing and implementing an action plan to address the problem. Some appropriate interventions include the following:
Creating an educational brochure.
Producing an educational voice-over PowerPoint presentation or video focusing on your topic.
Creating a teaching plan for your patient, family, or group.
Recommending work process or workflow changes addressing your topic.
Plan to spend at least 3 direct practicum hours working with the same patient, family, or group.