Pathogens that Cause Pneumonia

Pathogens that Cause Pneumonia

The main pathogens that cause pneumonia are bacteria, respiratory viruses, fungi, rare parasites, and other microorganisms (Torres et al., 2021). The common pathogens for bacterial pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Hemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. The main respiratory viruses causing pneumonia include the Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2. Fungal pneumonia pathogens include coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

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Various factors cause a difference in the treatment for pneumonia in a healthy 23-year-old patient and a 66-year-old diabetic patient with COPD. The main treatment differences are due to the causes and underlying disease factors such as severity. Most cases of pneumonia in young, healthy patients are related to lifestyles such as vaping e-cigarettes (Arter et al., 2019). However, an elderly diabetic patient with COPD has suppressed immunity and has a higher risk of developing complications. COPD exacerbates the development and severity of pneumonia due to increased inflammation, immune response, and the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in COPD (Restrepo et al., 2018). Therefore, the patient will require more specialized and hospital-based care to avoid complications and adverse care outcomes.

I would not order the same antibiotics for the patients. Most symptoms in young, healthy patients can be treated at home using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), common antibiotics such as amoxicillin, and avoiding exposure to the causing factors. However, for the 66-year-old patient, I will consider the comorbid conditions and the current medications the patient uses for diabetes and COPD to avoid drug-drug interactions, overdosing, and adverse drug events.

The decision for hospitalization due to pneumonia will require the collected or more subjective and objective data. The observed results will determine the severity of the presented symptoms and the possible complications the patient can experience if the symptoms are not managed and improved during the time of observation.

 References

Arter, Z. L., Wiggins, A., Hudspeth, C., Kisling, A., Hostler, D. C., & Hostler, J. M. (2019). Acute eosinophilic pneumonia following electronic cigarette use. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 27, 100825. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RMCR.2019.100825

Restrepo, M. I., Sibila, O., & Anzueto, A. (2018). Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 81(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.4046/TRD.2018.0030

Torres, A., Cilloniz, C., Niederman, M. S., Menéndez, R., Chalmers, J. D., Wunderink, R. G., & van der Poll, T. (2021). Pneumonia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2021 7:1, 7(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00259-0

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What are the main pathogens that cause pneumonia? How would the treatment for pneumonia in a 23-year-old otherwise healthy patient possibly differ from a 66-year-old diabetic COPD patient? Would you order the same antibiotics for both patients? How would you determine if your patient needs to be hospitalized for pneumonia?
Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references

Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years
EXAMPLE DISCUSSION:
Pneumonia is defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma. According to Jain et al.,
“Pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms that
result in infection of lung parenchyma” (2022, pera1). Pneumonia is classified in three different
types according to its etiology and presentation. Pneumonia is not a single disease process,
rather it is a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms.
Pneumonia is mainly classified on the patient’s presentation and the etiology. Knowing the
causative organism helps NP and physician to treat properly. As mentioned in the discussion
question two different patients with age 23 years healthy young person, and 66 years old diabetic
patient with COPD. In this situation first, the important job of the NP is to identify the causative
organism of the infection (Pneumonia).The main pathogens that cause pneumonia are bacteria, fungi and virus. But
sometimes the most common cause of bacterial infection is due to streptococcus pneumoniae.
These pathogens are known to cause pneumonia as mentioned by Pahal et al., “typical bacteria
which cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group
A Streptococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis,
anaerobes, and gram-negative organisms” (2022, pera3). As mentioned above management of the
disease are focused on patient presentation and etiology, which depends on a case-to-case
presentation and signs/symptoms. Many times, the viral infection does not require antibiotics, as it
needs some vitamins and hydration, and can help to fight viral infection, but if the cause of
pneumonia is bacterial then antibiotics are very important to start. The bacterial infection needs to
treat with proper antibiotics to avoid further infection. The provider must find out the cause of
pneumonia, bacterial needs antibiotics, and fungal pneumonia needs antifungal medication. in the last two
years during the pandemic many patients that required hospitalization with pneumonia, which
was caused by a covid-19 virus (Pahal et al., 2022).
Treatment for young adults without any co-morbidity, and healthy without any risk factors
Amoxicillin is the first-line agent in treating Pneumonia. Amoxicillin 1g PO TID x 5 to 7 days,
Doxycycline 100mg PO BID x 5 to 7 days. Older adult with comorbidity needs
amoxicillin-clavulanate 500/125 mg PO TID, 875/125 PO BID, or cefpodoxime 200 mg PO
BID. As mentioned above, patient etiology and presentation is very important in choosing
antibiotics as mentioned by Grief, & Loza, (2022, p 6-7).
I will not order the same kind of antibiotics, in this case, study 23 years young person does
not have any co-morbidity, and a relatively healthy person has stronger immunity compared to 66
years old person. An older patient with co-morbidity, such as diabetics and COPD has to be treated withdifferent antibiotics. In treating 23 years young and healthy person is much easier to treat
pneumonia, compare to the patient who has diabetics, COPD and is 66 yeas old. Age and comorbidity affect in treating disease, as their immune system is not that strong compare to 23
years young person with same disease process and causative organism. As a health care provider,
I will expect 23 years young person will recover faster then 66 years old diabetic patient with
COPD.
I would collect more subjective and objective data in order to make decision for my
patient’s hospitalization will mainly depends on their presentation and sign/symptoms. 66 years
older patient with diabetics and COPD, who is already at the stage of their life where immune
system is decline and due to his co-morbidity, he is more susceptible develop more symptoms
and might need more close observation and management of pneumonia. Based on their
presentation and etiology, compare to 23 years young patient who is relatively healthy, and has a
strong immune system. I would determine that the patient needs to be admitted or to be
hospitalized when he/she is suffering high grade fever, difficulty of breathing, severe body
weakness or if the patient needs close monitoring in order to manage the condition properly (Jain
et al., 2022). In this case study , 66 years old diabetic patient with COPD it is very vital to seek
hospitalization for them to receive the best kind of treatment, management and monitoring
because their age is old enough and they also have other co-morbidity medical conditions.