Levels of Prevention and Public Health Services

Levels of Prevention and Public Health Services

PH 600

There are three levels of prevention. In the table below, provide an example related to the COVID-19 pandemic for each level of prevention. (5 points)

Level of prevention	Example related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Primary prevention	The primary type of prevention is to keep the disease from spreading throughout the population without contact with it. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, primary prevention comprises social interventions involving the administration of vaccines to the population to avoid contact with the virus. Other measures under this type include hand washing, wearing masks, and practicing social distancing.
Secondary prevention	Secondary prevention entails the identification of the disease at an earlier stage so that its impact and effects can be minimized. In the COVID-19 crisis, secondary prevention measures include population tests and contact tracing. These strategies help to determine who has the virus, especially those without symptoms, which leads to their isolation and, hence, the slowing down of the disease spread.
Tertiary prevention	The tertiary level of prevention aims to prevent further progression or complications of a disease after diagnosis. In the context of COVID-19, this encompasses treatment of severe cases and symptoms, functional recovery, and potential complications, commonly referred to as long-term COVID-19, and further rehabilitation for individuals afflicted by the virus.

There are ten essential public health services. In the table below, provide an example of how each public health service can be used to reduce obesity in the U.S. (15 points)

Essential public health services	Example of how this public health service can be used to reduce obesity in the U.S.
Monitor health	Monitoring obesity incidences using country-based surveillance, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), aids in identifying result trends and high-risk groups.
Diagnose and investigate	Understanding the causes of obesity includes studying the genetic makeup, food choices, and exercise habits of the population. This contributes to the generation of relevant strategies.
Inform, educate, and empower	Informative campaigns, such as those that encourage people to eat healthy foods and engage in physical activities, eliminate obesity risks because people are able to make appropriate decisions.
Mobilise community partnerships	Partnerships with local organizations, schools, and other businesses to foster programs that tackle obesity at the community level are a solution.
Develop policies	Federal, state, and local policies, such as taxing sugars or excluding trans fats, are effective ways of discouraging unhealthy food choices.
Enforce laws	Regulations that limit the marketing of unhealthy foods to children and enforce nutrition standards in schools contribute to the reduction of obesity.
Link to/provide care	Linking clients to appropriate health care services such as dietetics and weight loss management will help those who need to be managed or put on over or under a certain weight to get the required attention to be managed adequately.
Assure a competent workforce.	Education on the latest obesity prevention and control knowledge prepares a healthcare and public health management workforce that can efficiently handle this problem.
Evaluate	The evaluation of obesity prevention programs should be an ongoing process so that the result can be analyzed to determine useful feedback.
Research	Ongoing research into obesity’s causes, consequences, and prevention strategies informs evidence-based interventions that can be implemented on a broader scale.

The Health Impact Pyramid shows the impact of different types of public health interventions. In the table below, provide an example of an activity at each level that addresses reducing alcohol use among college students. (10 points)

Level of the Health Impact Pyramid	Example of activity to reduce alcohol use
Counselling and education	Providing workshops on the risks of excessive alcohol consumption educates students on responsible drinking.
Clinical interventions	Offering screening and brief interventions in campus health services helps identify students at risk of alcohol abuse and provides them with the necessary support.
Long-lasting protective interventions	Implementing campus policies, such as alcohol-free dormitories, creates an environment that reduces opportunities for excessive drinking.
Making healthy decisions the default	Promoting alcohol-free social events on campus normalizes non-drinking behavior.
Socioeconomic factors	Addressing broader issues like student stress and financial burdens, which can contribute to alcohol misuse, is critical in reducing overall alcohol consumption among college students.

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PH 600

There are three levels of prevention. In the table below, provide an example related to the COVID-19 pandemic for each level of prevention. (5 points)

Level of prevention	Example related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

There are ten essential public health services. In the table below, provide an example of how each public health service can be used to reduce obesity in the U.S. (15 points)

Essential public health services	Example of how this public health service can be used to reduce obesity in the U.S.
Monitor health
Diagnose and investigate
Inform, educate, and empower
Mobilize community partnerships
Develop policies
Enforce laws
Link to/provide care
Assure a competent workforce
Evaluate
Research

The Health Impact Pyramid shows the impact of different types of public health interventions. In the table below, provide an example of an activity at each level that addresses reducing alcohol use among college students. (10 points)

Level of the Health Impact Pyramid	Example of activity to reduce alcohol use
Counseling and education
Clinical interventions
Long-lasting protective interventions
Making healthy decisions the default
Socioeconomic factors

Required: Birkhead, G.S., Morrow, C., & Pirani, S. (2022). Public Health: What It Is and How It Works (7th
Edition). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN: 9781284181203. URL.