Components and Functions of Primary Organs or Structure in the Urinary System
The urinary system has four major organs, each with specific functions but working in unison. The components of the urinary system include the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. There are two kidneys in the urinary system. The main functions of the pair of kidneys are to filter the blood to eliminate wastes and form urine, maintain electrolytes and metabolite balance, and auto-regulate blood volume, pressure, and pH. Consistently, the ureters are two thin tubes that link each kidney to the urinary bladder. The urine created from the kidneys passes through the ureters into the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, flexible, muscular bag-like organ of the urinary system. It acts as a reservoir unit of urine before it is eliminated from the body. Lastly, the Urethra canal, whose function is to allow the elimination of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body through urination, is an organ that extends from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. Its
The Flow of Urine from Each of the Primary Organs and Structures
Within the kidneys, fluid is collected in the Bowman’s capsule through the process of glomerular filtration. The urine then passes through the renal tubules to the collecting ducts in readiness to flow from the kidneys. The collecting ducts then empty into the ureters, through which the urine flows into the urinary bladder. The bladder collects the urine and expands as it feels up. At a certain volume, usually 250ml, the bladder activates stretch receptors, which stimulate a sensory, after which a relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter allows urine to pass into the urethra. The urethra then allows the urine to exit the body through the external urethral orifice.
Conditions that Can Occur if Any of the Primary Organs do not Function Properly
Any of the primary organs of the urinary system can fail to function properly due to health conditions that affect these organs or structures, such as infections, cancer, inflammations, urine crystallization, diet, health and body weight status, and other conditions that affect the nervous system. There are various types of conditions that can develop due to these failures of the urinary system structures. A common condition affecting the urinary system due to failure of the system’s structures is kidney stones, which could result from increased body weight, taking a sodium and oxalate-rich diet with reduced water intake, and other kidney microbiota, including bacteria (Wang et al., 2021). Other conditions include urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux characterized by some urine flowing from the bladder back to the ureters, the inability of the person to control their urination leading to urine leakages and frequent urination, pain within and around the urinary system, sepsis, and increased risks of kidney and the entire system’s failure.
Roles the Organs of the Endocrine System Play in an Individual who has Diabetes Mellitus
The structures or organs of the endocrine system are involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) due to the roles the entire system plays in controlling bodily functions. The structures or glands of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, the pineal body, the pituitary gland, the thymus, the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, the adrenal gland, the pancreas, and the gonads. These structures are responsible for the regulation of metabolism, growth, blood pressure and heart rate, bodily temperatures, eating, sleep and waking habits, and sexual functioning (Ahsan et al., 2021). They, therefore, ensure that the body maintains an optimum homeostatic state. It is through these functions within the body that the endocrine can influence how diabetes affects patients. For instance, the pancreas is responsible for creating insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels(Ojha et al., 2019). For an individual with DM, the pancreas will seek to improve the secretion of enough insulin in an attempt to control the levels of blood sugar. Other structures such as the hypothalamus, the adrenal gland, the thyroid, and the pituitary gland of a person with DM will seek to secrete or control the secretion of various hormones that regulate how starch, glucagon, and foods the individual consumes are metabolized and converted to sugars. The various hormones these structures produce, especially the hypothalamus, regulate appetites and eating habits. Previous eating habits, such as those that led to the development of DM, may interrupt the functioning of the endocrine system systems if the individual continues eating habits that exacerbate their diabetic status. Collectively, the endocrine system will seek to regulate the individual’s blood sugar and manage their DM.
Conditions under which a Physician Might Order a Mammogram for a Patient Other than for a Routine Examination
The mammogram is usually used for routine examination of the breasts for cancer. However, a physician may order a mammogram for a patient in various conditions other than for routine examination. The physician may order a diagnostic mammogram to further investigate if the routine mammogram has identified some unusual conditions within the breasts. A diagnostic mammogram can be ordered to check identified lumps, unusual breast pain, or any other unusual findings or disease symptoms besides cancers that have been identified during the routine examination. The physician might also order a diagnostic mammogram besides the routine examination if other cancer symptoms, such as thick breast skin, had been identified during a routine examination or when the breast nipples have a discharge, or when the breasts have notable changes in size, tenderness, and or shape. Another condition that the physician will order a diagnostic mammogram for is if the patient has a condition that affects the ability to carry out routine examinations. Besides the routine examination, a mammogram is ordered to assist the physician in improving diagnostic accuracy.
A Disease or Complication that can occur in the Urinary System
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomerulus. Glomerulonephritis may have no underlying causes. However, the condition may develop due to bacterial and viral infections and other diseases and infections such as diabetes and lupus (Satoskar et al., 2019). The inflammation of the glomerulus can also result from an autoimmune response in which proteins get lodged in the glomerular capillaries, leading to inflammatory changes that impair glomerular filtration (Prendecki et al., 2022). Glomerulonephritis risks the development of other urinary system complications, such as acute nephritis, asymptomatic proteinuria, hematuria, chronic kidney failure, and nephrotic syndrome.
Symptoms
The symptoms of glomerulonephritis manifested by a client depend on the level of damage to the glomerulus. The common symptoms of glomerulonephritis are usually related to the conditions related to the development of glomerulonephritis, including hematuria, the presence of blood in the urine (Patel et al., 2020), proteinuria, hypertension, swelling of various body parts such as the face, feet, and the hands due to edema, and reduced rate of urination. Other symptoms include common signs such as nausea, fatigue, and muscle cramping.
Diagnostic Procedures
As noted, glomerulonephritis may be presented as a secondary result of other conditions or treatments. Therefore, specific objective diagnoses are required for the condition. Diagnostic procedures for glomerulonephritis may include testing of urine with a focus on identifying hematuria or proteinuria, testing the blood for the levels of creatinine, a kidney biopsy, and the use of ultrasound focused on identifying possible blockages within the glomerulus. Regardless of the suspected underlying factors or condition related to glomerulonephritis, a clinical differential diagnosis is always recommended for each patient case.
References
Ahsan, A., Khan, A., Farooq, M. A., Naveed, M., Baig, M. M. F. A., & Tian, W. (2021). Physiology of Endocrine System and Related Metabolic Disorders. In A. M.S.H., R. K., & H. M.Z. (Eds.), Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies (pp. 3–41). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45923-9_1
Ojha, A., Ojha, U., Mohammed, R., Chandrashekar, A., & Ojha, H. (2019). Current perspective on the role of insulin and glucagon in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications, 11, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S202614
Patel, H., Mederos, G., Hapuarachchi, M., Nair, R., Ciobanu, D., Madhrira, M., & Balamuthasamy, S. (2020). Spitting Blood and Casts with Mud: A Rare and Unusual Presentation of C3 Glomerulonephritis. ATS 2020 International Conference American Thoracic Society International Conference Meetings Abstracts, A1376–A1376. https://doi.org/10.1164/AJRCCM-CONFERENCE.2020.201.1_MEETINGABSTRACTS.A1376
Prendecki, M., McAdoo, S. P., Turner-Stokes, T., Garcia-Diaz, A., Orriss, I., Woollard, K. J., Behmoaras, J., Cook, H. T., Unwin, R., Pusey, C. D., Aitman, T. J., & Tam, F. W. K. (2022). Glomerulonephritis and autoimmune vasculitis are independent of P2RX7 but may depend on alternative inflammasome pathways. The Journal of Pathology, 257(3), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/PATH.5890
Satoskar, A. A., Parikh, S. v., & Nadasdy, T. (2019). Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes of infection-associated glomerulonephritis. Nature Reviews Nephrology 2019 16:1, 16(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0178-8
Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Deng, Q., & Liang, H. (2021). Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 48(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJMM.2021.4982/HTML
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Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.
Components and Functions of Primary Organs or Structure in the Urinary System
In Lessons 5 through 8, you learned medical language associated with the urinary, endocrine, ears and eyes, and reproductive systems. You also were introduced to concepts of oncology, radiology, nuclear medicine, and mental health. For this written assignment, the learning objectives from Lessons 5-8 will be applied. Please review the learning objectives for lessons 5-8 prior to beginning work on this assignment.
In a four-page summary, address the following questions.
Identify the components and functions of each primary organ or structure in the urinary system and explain the flow of urine from each of the primary organs and structures. What type of conditions can occur if any of the primary organs or structures do not function properly?
Explain the role that the organs or structures of the endocrine system play in an individual who has diabetes mellitus.
Describe the conditions under which a physician might order a mammogram for a patient other than for a routine examination.
Next, select a disease or complication that can occur in any of the organ systems discussed in Lessons 5-8 (urinary, endocrine, ears, eyes, and reproductive systems). Describe the symptoms and diagnostic procedures related to the disease or condition.
The response should be submitted according to APA guidelines with an applicable reference page and title page.