Callista Roy Theory
Nursing theories define nursing practice and the role of nurses. They identify the uniqueness of nursing as a discipline (Roy, 2018). These theories provide frameworks that guide nurses in their routine activities (Roy, 2018). This paper evaluates Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing.
Background on the Theorist
Callista Roy is a nurse theorist, researcher, professor, and author. She was born on 14th October 1939 (Gonzalo, 2021). She pursued a Bachelor of Arts Major in Nursing from Mount St. Mary’s College, Los Angeles, in 1963 (Gonzalo, 2021). After that, she pursued a master’s degree program in pediatric nursing from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1966 (Gonzalo, 2021). Callista Roy then pursued a master’s and a doctorate in Sociology in 1973 and 1977, respectively, from the University of California (Gonzalo, 2021).
Callista Roy started working on the basic concepts of the nursing model during her time as a graduate student between 1964 and 1966. Mount St. Mary’s College incorporated her conceptual framework into the nursing curriculum in 1970 (Gonzalo, 2021). By so doing, her model was operationalized. She served as an associate professor until 1982. In 1983, she became a professor and taught at Mount St. Mary’s College and the University of Portland (Gonzalo, 2021). She played a key role in the introduction of the University of Portland’s master’s program. Since 1987, she has served as a professor and nurse theorist at the Boston College School of Nursing (Gonzalo, 2021). She is the founder of the Roy Adaptation Association (Gonzalo, 2021).
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Explaining the Theory
According to Gonzalo (2021), Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing was implemented in Mount St. Mary’s School in 1970. This theory provides a framework for providing nursing services. Notably, a person has interconnected systems that maintain an equilibrium between different stimuli (Roy, 2018). The theory embraces a holistic approach when dealing with people. A person has unique characters and needs that merge into a whole (Roy, 2018). Furthermore, people interact perpetually with their environment. During these interactions, there is a continuous interchange of information and ideas (Roy, 2018). The theory considers a person a living system with inputs, controls, and outputs (Roy, 2018).
The theory is based on various assumptions. Individuals are considered to be in perpetual interaction with a transforming environment. Individuals embrace social, biological, and psychological aspects to adapt to environmental changes (Roy, 2018). These aspects are both innate and acquired. Adaptation is an enabler for positive responses to the changing environment (Roy, 2018). In addition, adaption is dependent on a specific stimulus and a person’s adaptation threshold. The theory proposes four adaptation modes. These include inter-dependence, self-concept, adaptation to physiological needs, and role function (Roy, 2018). Healthy and disease states are normal phenomena in an individual’s life.
Moreover, the theory embraces various philosophical assumptions. Individuals possess a mutual relationship with God (Roy, 2018). God determines people’s destiny and is revealed to his creation (Roy, 2018). People embrace awareness, faith, and enlightenment (Roy, 2018). Furthermore, sustenance and the transformation of the environment require accountability (Roy, 2018).
According to Marudhar and Josfeena (2019), the key concepts of the theory are the environment, health, adaptation, nursing, and the person. A person is a holistic being that interacts with the environment perpetually. The environment consists of all aspects that impact the behavior and development of people (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). Accordingly, the environment is a stimulus in which focal stimuli affect people significantly and should be addressed promptly (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). Health reflects a person’s ability to adapt to stimuli. Nurses play a key role in the process of adaptation. They evaluate a patient’s behavior, reinforce positive adaptation, and enable patients to respond affirmatively to stimuli (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). Furthermore, nurses promote effective coping hence improving patient outcomes.
People have various levels of adaptation. The integrated adaption process occurs when various processes fulfill environmental needs (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). This is demonstrated via processes such as respiration, spiritual growth, and interpersonal relationships. The compensatory process of adaptation occurs when internal processes (cognator and regulator) are activated (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). The regulator involves the physiological coping process, whereas the cognator involves the cognitive coping process (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). An example of compensatory adaptation is the assumption of a new role and grieving. The compromised process of adaptation refers to the inadequate fulfillment of environmental needs (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019).
Accordingly, the theory proposes the nursing process. The nursing process consists of six sequential steps (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). It begins with assessing the patient’s behaviors based on the adaptation modes (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). The next step entails assessing the stimuli, during which focal stimuli require urgent interventions. After that, a nursing diagnosis should be made. The fourth step is goal setting, in which the care plan is formulated. Next is the implementation of the care plan, and the last step is evaluating the impact of the intervention (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019).
The Primary Purpose of the Callista Roy Theory in the Profession of Nursing
Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing aims to define the provision of adequate nursing services. To achieve this, the theory explains its major concepts and identifies six sequential steps in the nursing process. By understanding major concepts such as the environment, person, health, and adaptation, nurses gain the pertinent knowledge required to provide holistic nursing care (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). People adapt differently to environmental stimuli. Therefore, an evaluation of the adaptive modes and the type of stimuli enables nurses to initiate timely, patient-centered interventions.
The nursing process improves the quality of healthcare services. Additionally, it promotes patient-centeredness. The sequential steps enable nurses to understand patients’ unique needs. By so doing, they develop care plans that fulfill patients’ requirements. This holistic approach is associated with better patient outcomes and higher satisfaction levels (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019). The nursing process allows continuous evaluation to be performed. Subsequently, this provides an opportunity for modifying care plans to fulfill patients’ needs.
Impact of the Theory on Practice and the Health and Quality of Life of Patient
Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing can help improve nursing practice by advocating for an evidence-based practice approach. A nurse is expected to understand the major concepts, internal processes, adaptive modes, and levels of adaptation (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). This knowledge guides the nursing process. Accordingly, nurses are equipped with sufficient and relevant patient information based on the Adaptation Model of Nursing provisions. As a result, accuracy and competency are upheld in the nursing process. This, in turn, promotes the development of holistic care plans that address patients’ needs. Essentially, holistic care is associated with better patient outcomes hence improved quality of life (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019).
The nursing process is an enabler for care coordination. Nurses collaborate with members of the interdisciplinary team to provide patient-centered services. This is necessitated by the first two assessment steps. After rigorous assessments, the nurse identifies the unique needs of the patient and the role of members of the interdisciplinary team in patient care. Interdisciplinary collaboration is associated with an improved quality of healthcare services.
Conclusion
Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing provides a framework for providing nursing services. The key concepts of the theory are the environment, health, adaptation, nursing, and person adaptation (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). Adaptation levels include integrated, compensatory, and compromised process adaptation (Marudhar & Josfeena, 2019). The theory proposes a six-step nursing process. By understanding major concepts such as the environment, person, health, and adaptation, nurses gain pertinent knowledge required to provide holistic nursing care. Subsequently, holistic care is associated with better patient outcomes and hence improved quality of life (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019).
References
Frisch, N. C., & Rabinowitsch, D. (2019). What’s in a Definition? Holistic Nursing, Integrative Health Care, and Integrative Nursing: Report of an Integrated Literature Review. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 37(3), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010119860685
Gonzalo, A. (2021). Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model of Nursing. https://nurseslabs.com/sister-callista-roys-adaptation-model/#:~:text=Callista%20Roy’s%20Adaptation%20Model%20of%20Nursing%20was%20developed%20by%20Sister,balance%20between%20these%20various%20stimuli.
Marudhar, & Josfeena. (2019). Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing Resource Pack. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 4(1), 283–287. https://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR1901049.pdf
Roy, C. (2018). Key Issues in Nursing Theory: Developments, Challenges, and Future Directions. Nursing Research, 67(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000266
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• APA Paper Format Rubric
Callista Roy’s theory, mission, vision, and purpose. Provide background on the theorist. Explain the theory. Provide the primary purpose of your selected theory in the profession of nursing. Relate Provide background on the theorist. Explain the theory. Provide the primary purpose of your selected theory in the profession of nursing. Relate how your chosen nursing theory can help improve practice and positively influence the health and quality of life of patients.
Callista Roy Theory
• 3 to 5 pages not including title page and
reference page.
• Minimum of two references (the course
The textbook can be one of the references, as
well as the organizational website) in APA
format. If additional articles were chosen, they must
have been published within the last 3-5 years.