Brain Structure and Imaging
The Forebrain
The brain is made up of the midbrain (mesencephalon), forebrain (prosencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) (Maldonado & Alsayouri, 2021). The forebrain contains the cerebral cortex, divided into the occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and temporal lobe (Jawabri & Sharma, 2022). The frontal lobe is responsible for an individual’s ability to speak, reason, pay attention, manage behaviors, control emotions, move, and solve problems. The temporal lobe is responsible for processing one’s recognition and perception of auditory stimuli, visual memory, verbal memory, and understanding spoken languages. The temporal lobe ensures that an individual can focus and listen to one speaker out of a group of several speakers. The occipital lobe has a role in recognition, paying attention, spatial analysis of visuals, and visual recognition of body language such as gestures, facial depression, and sitting posture. The parietal lobe consolidates sensory information from different body parts and ensures visuospatial processing, body movement, self-awareness, and the ability to construct. Get in touch with us at eminencepapers.com. We offer assignment help with high professionalism.
The Midbrain
The midbrain comprises the limbic system, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland, and thalamus (Maldonado & Alsayouri, 2021). The thalamus has two oval masses containing nerve cell bodies responsible for categorizing information from the senses of touch, taste, hearing, and sight and transmitting this information to the cerebral cortex. The sensation of pain, pressure, and temperature are transmitted through the thalamus to ensure responsive body movement. The hypothalamus controls the contraction of the bladder, the functioning of the heart, the passage of food through the esophagus, the physical response to an emotion, body temperature, eating stimuli, and drinking stimuli (Bear et al., 2021). The pituitary gland produces the thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. The limbic system regulates affection, docility, anger, pleasure, pain, and fear (Torrico & Abdijadid, 2021). The hippocampus is responsible for learning and storage of short-term memory. Removal or malfunctioning of the hippocampus leads to partial retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
The Hindbrain
The hindbrain comprises the pons, cerebellum, and medulla (Iordanova & Reddivari, 2021). The pons connect the brain’s higher levels with the spinal cord and transfer information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum. The medulla transmits signals between the highest part of the brain and the spinal cord and regulates breathing and the heartbeat. The nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla analyzes and coordinates the afferent cardiorespiratory signals and regulates respiration. The cerebellum contains Purkinje cells that coordinate motor activity.
Brain Imaging: Structural Scans and Functional Scans
Brain imaging is categorized into functional scans and structural scans. Structural scans such as magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography are recommended to visualize brain structures and physical abnormalities in the brain. In contrast, functional scans such as electroencephalography and positron emission tomography are used to measure activity in specific brain parts while the brain is active. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique used to study cognitive function in the forebrain since it reveals brain abnormalities and can assess normal functions and anatomy of the brain (Shafaat & Sotoudeh, 2022). fMRI is non-invasive and does not expose a patient to radiation. Abnormalities detected by fMRI are obscured by bone when other imaging techniques are used. An fMRI, when used to study the forebrain, will show the forebrain’s structures and how it functions. An fMRI shows localized brain activity linked with performing a cognitive task (Shafaat & Sotoudeh, 2022).
References
Bear, M.H., Reddy, V., & Bollu, P.C.(2021). Neuroanatomy, Hypothalamus. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525993/
Iordanova, R., & Reddivari, A.K.R. (2021). Neuroanatomy, Medulla Oblongata. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551589/figure/article-24901.image.f2/
Jawabri, K.H., & Sharma, S. (2022). Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538496/
Maldonado, K.A., & Alsayouri, K. (2021). Physiology, Brain. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551718/
Shafaat, O., & Sotoudeh, H. (2022). Stroke Imaging. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546635/
Torrico, T.J., & Abdijadid, S. (2021). Neuroanatomy, Limbic System. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538491/
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Question 
The Assignment should:
Utilize a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources from Purdue Global Library in addition to your textbook to support your paper.
Follow Assignment directions (review grading rubric for best results).
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Brain Structure and Imaging
Demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard English.
Be written in Standard English and be clear, specific, and error-free.
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2-3 Pages in length (excluding title and reference pages)
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TEXTBOOK:
TWard, J. (2019). The Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience (4th Edition). Taylor & Francis. https://purdueuniversityglobal.vitalsource.com/books/9781351035163
ASSIGNMENT ITSELF:
This Assignment will measure your understanding of brain structure and imaging techniques. This week you will complete a 2-3-page expository paper describing the roles of the forebrain, midbrain, and hind brain as well as explaining the scanning methods used to study the brain.
Describe the roles of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
List two types of Structural Scans and two types of Functional Scans.
Discuss the difference between a functional scan and a structural scan.
Explain which imaging technique you would use to study cognitive functioning in the forebrain. Provide your rationale.