Application Of Artificial Cells and Cell-like Materials in Nanobiosensors
The basic unit of life is the cell, and cells have various structures which influence their functionality. Cells are composed of organelles that have specific designs and, therefore, have particular functions. These characteristics of cells that promote well-being in individuals pose promises for research and medical applications. Consequently, artificial cells and cell-like materials are created for these purposes in biotechnology, synthetic biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology, amongst others.
One significant application of artificial cells and cell-like materials is in nano biosensors used in nanotechnology and nanomedicine. Nanotechnology involves using nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, for various applications, such as drug delivery in the human body. Accordingly, for use in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, artificial cells and cell-like materials are created in a smaller size, nanometers. A nano biosensor consists of receptors, analytes, transducers, and electronic interfaces (Prasad, 2014). Analytes are the desired substances for detection and can include glucose. The receptors might consist of cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, which might be artificial in most cases and are used in the detection of an analyte. Transducers convert the recognition between the analyte and bioreceptor into a measurable signal, electrical or optical. Electronic interfaces process the signal leading up to its display (Prasad, 2014).
One characteristic of cells and cellular organelles applied in biosensors is selectivity and sensitivity (Prasad, 2014). Reactions resulting from body stressors result from a response to the stress, indicating functionality traits. Specific stressors result in specific responses, such as responses to pain, illustrating selectivity. Subsequently, biosensors are used to monitor diseases, blood glucose levels, and even drug delivery through the selectivity of the receptors, which selectively detect target analytes in the human body. Sensitivity trait is illustrated in enzyme/substrate specificity, which is influenced by structures.
In conclusion, artificial cells and cell-like material applications continue to increase in various medical and non-medical fields. These applications result from cell structure and functionality, resulting in artificial cells and cell-like material creation and use, such as nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
References
Prasad, S. (2014). Nanobiosensors: the future for a diagnosis of disease? Nanobiosensors In Disease Diagnosis, 1. doi:10.2147/ndd.s39421
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Question 
In your assigned reading this week, you have learned further about the relationship between the structure and function of biological molecules and how this is important in cellular organization.
Application Of Artificial Cells and Cell-like Materials in Nanobiosensors
A single eukaryotic cell not only has a membrane-bound nucleus but also numerous membrane-bound organelles. These organelles support the many varied activities that a cell is required to carry out but also add to the complexity of the intracellular environment. There has recently been an upsurge in interest in constructing artificial cells or cell-like materials for pharmacological research or possibly even medical treatments.
Keeping in mind the relationship between structure and function, discuss the potential uses of artificial cells and cell-like materials and whether you consider them to be a good substitute for the natural versions.
For a simple example, a scientist may wish to study a membrane receptor protein. Still, in isolation from peripheral influences, so it is possible to generate a simple lipid bilayer that mimics the function of a cell membrane containing that protein of interest. There, it can be studied in the presence or absence of any secondary components the scientist wishes to include. A more complex answer might be to discuss the use of synthetic blood as a replacement for blood donors.
You will need to search the internet for your examples, and part of this assignment is to help you practice finding and digesting pertinent information, but the following links are a good place to start:
Wiesauer, M., & Knör, G. (2019). Towards artificial cells for biomedical applications [PDF]. Biomedical
Research and Clinical Practice, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.15761/brcp.1000189. Retrieved from https://www.oatext.com/towards-artificial-cells-for-biomedical-applications.php
Xu, C., Hu, S., & Chen, X. (2016). Artificial cells: From basic science to applications [PDF]. Materials Today, 19(9), 516-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.020. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702116000699