Antibiotic Resistance-Tetracycline
Tetracycline is an antibiotic under the class of tetracyclines that inhibits the synthesis of protein in bacteria by binding with 30S ribosomal subunits. Protein synthesis is essential for the growth and survival of cells; therefore, administration of tetracycline alters the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex, which affects the proper functioning of the cell and prevents growth and replication. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic (Shutter & Akhondi, 2022). It is indicated in acne, bronchitis, brucellosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, rectal infections, upper respiratory tract infections, soft tissue infections, skin infections, chancroid, lower respiratory tract infections, and cholera.
Tetracycline is active against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Klebsiella granulomatis, Bartonella bacilliformis, Haemophilus ducreyi, Vibrio cholera, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Treponema pallidum, Fusobacterium fusiform, Neisseria gonorrhea, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium spp, Propionibacterium acnes, Acinetobacter spp, Campylobacter jejuni, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Helicobacter pylori. Organisms with increased resistance to tetracycline include Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Streptococcus (Shutter & Akhondi, 2022).
Increased antibiotic resistance is caused by overprescribing antibiotics, patients not completing their antibiotic dose, overuse of antibiotics in livestock and farming, and self-medication (Habboush & Guzman, 2022). Healthcare workers should sensitize the general population to the causes and dangers of antibiotic resistance (Shrestha et al., 2021). Patients are advised to stop self-medication and sharing antibiotics. Further, pharmacists fight antibiotic resistance by dispensing antibiotics only with a valid prescription. Similarly, community members are encouraged to seek the services of veterinary doctors before treating their animals, and farmers should practice safe farming by reducing antibiotic usage on their farms. Lastly, physicians are encouraged to minimize empiric antibiotic therapy and perform laboratory tests and cultures.
References
Habboush, Y., & Guzman, N. (2022). Antibiotic Resistance. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513277/
Shrestha, J., Zahra, F., & Cannady, Jr P. (2021). Antimicrobial Stewardship. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572068
Shutter, M.C., & Akhondi, H. (2022). Tetracycline. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549905/
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Question 
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health challenges of our time. According to the CDC, in the U.S. alone, at least 2.8 million people may get an antibiotic-resistant infection each year, and more than 35,000 people may die.
Antibiotic Resistance-Tetracycline
For the main posting for topic 1, make sure that not more than two classmates select the same antimicrobial drug (check other postings).
Select one of the antimicrobial drugs listed below and address the following:
How does this antibiotic inhibit growth? In other words, what is its mode of action (for example- does it inhibit or interfere with cell wall synthesis, protein or nucleic acid synthesis, etc.)?
What is its activity spectrum: which type of microbes is it active against (for example, Gram-positive bacteria, etc.,)? How is the antibiotic commonly used to treat infections- name some conditions or diseases.
Are there microbes known to be resistant to the antibiotic you described? Give examples with full scientific name). Refer to CDC, WHO and NIH websites.
In your opinion: what are some of the reasons for an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and why it is a serious health concern? What can each of us do, to limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and “superbugs”?
Tetracycline